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| Photo Penn State Museum |
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| University of California Berkeley: The orange areas show where human remains have not been made available to Native Nations, and the green areas represent where remains have been made available for return. |
UC Berkeley’s Kroeber Hall became the fourth building on campus to be stripped of its name in a year’s time.
Alfred Louis Kroeber, born in 1876 and the founder of the study of anthropology in the American West — is a powerful symbol that continues to evoke exclusion and erasure for Native Americans, reports Gretchen Kell in Berkeley News in 2021.
"In 1911, Kroeber also took custody of a Native American man, a genocide survivor he named Ishi, and allowed him to live at the UC’s anthropology museum, where the proposal states that he performed as a living exhibit for museum visitors,” making Native crafts, such a stone tools. After dying of tuberculosis in 1916, his body was autopsied, against the wishes he’d expressed to Kroeber for cremation and burial without autopsy."
"Additionally, Kroeber’s pronouncement that the Ohlone people were culturally extinct contributed to the federal government not recognizing the Ohlone and 'leading to the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe having no land and no political power,' according to the university's Building Name Review Committee.
The UC Berkeley notice shows that beginning in 1868, human remains representing, at minimum, 497 individuals were removed from multiple places in Marin County in California, ancestral territory of the Coast Miwok, among whom are the Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria.
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| https://projects.propublica.org/repatriation-nagpra-database/institution/harvard-university/ In the image, ProPublica shows in orange where the ancestors were taken from that have not been made available for return. The green areas are where the ancestors were taken that Harvard has made available for return. |
The Peabody Museum had found in its collections the remains of 15 individuals who may have been enslaved."The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of 152 individuals of Native American ancestry.
The 41 objects described in this notice are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.
Vassar College in New York has Native Hawaiian remains
Federal Register states:
Human remains representing, at minimum, four individuals were removed from Maalaea, Maui County, HI. During the 1920s, these human remains (030 Box; 380 Box; 577; Mandible 9) were acquired by Vassar College's Natural History and Social Museums.
Michigan State University: Native remains from Sacramento County, Calif., were 7,000 years old
Human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from Sacramento County, CA. On an unknown date, this individual was acquired by Kalamazoo resident Donald Boudeman, who collected Native American material culture during the first half of the twentieth century. In July of 1961, some years after her husband's death, Donna Boudeman donated these human remains to the Michigan State University Museum. The Museum's record indicates the remains of this individual were recovered from a mound in Sacramento County, CA. Mounds in this region could be as much as 7,000 years old. No known individual was identified. No associated funerary objects are present.
There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains described in this notice and the Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California; California Valley Miwok Tribe, California; Ione Band of Miwok Indians of California; Jackson Band of Miwuk Indians ( previously listed as Jackson Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California); Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians, Shingle Springs Rancheria (Verona Tract), California; United Auburn Indian Community of the Auburn Rancheria of California; and the Wilton Rancheria, California. (Federal Register. National Park Service, Jan. 30. 2023)
Chicago Field Museum: Northern Arapaho and Utah Basketmaker
Human remains representing, at minimum, four individuals were removed from unknown location(s). According to Museum records, these human remains consisting of four crania were part of a group of eighteen unaccessioned individuals that had been stored in a box labeled “Sun Dance, Arapaho.” The Museum contends, based on institutional history and collections practices, that the box was likely used previously for a collection of Sun Dance materials, which did not include human remains, without being re-labeled. Some time prior to 1985, catalog cards were prepared for the eighteen individuals, identifying them as “Arapaho?”. During a 1985-87 inventory, 12 of the 18 individuals were identified as Basketmaker from San Juan County, Utah, and as coming to the Museum as part of the Lang Collection from the University of Chicago's Walker Museum. The other six individuals could not be identified. The Museum determined these human remains to be culturally unidentifiable due to a lack of information.
The Northern Arapaho Tribe's position is that the Museum's records were, at some point, sufficient for the Museum to conclude that the requested human remains were possibly Arapaho, and that there is no extant contrary evidence sufficient to overturn this initial conclusion. The fact that there is no present evidence could simply be the result, in the Tribe's view, that the evidence establishing these remains as Arapaho previously simply didn't survive. Accordingly, the Northern Arapaho Tribe has requested repatriation of four of these individuals. No associated funerary objects are present.
The human remains in this notice were removed from unknown geographic location(s). The evidence from the Field Museum's records indicates that the human remains may have come from either accession 694 (Arapaho materials from Wind River Reservation, Wyoming), accession 777 (Sun Dance, Arapaho materials from the Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation, Oklahoma), or accession 1468 (Basketmaker material from San Juan County, Utah). (Jan. 30, 2023)
Shawnee Ancestors: University of Kentucky: Native remains were taken during anthropological excavations, pipeline construction and development
The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of 138 individuals of Native American ancestry.
The 2,617 objects described in this notice are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.
There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains and associated funerary objects described in this notice and the Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma; Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma; and the Shawnee Tribe.
Federal register Jan. 30, 2023
Cherokee Ancestors: the University of South Carolina returning ancestors
The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of five individuals of Native American ancestry.
The 137 objects described in this notice are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.
There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains and associated funerary objects described in this notice and the Cherokee Nation and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/24/2023-01233/notice-of-inventory-completion-south-carolina-institute-of-archaeology-and-anthropology-university
Thirteen cultural items were removed from site CA-Mno-2122 in Mono, CA, during an archeological excavation led by Brooke Arkush from the University of California, Riverside. The primary objective of the investigation was to track material cultural changes and subsistence practices of the Mono Lake Paiute from the Late Archaic Period (circa A.D. 500) to the Euro-American Settlement of the lake basin (A.D. 1850-1920). The objects removed from the site represent approximately 1,500 years' worth of indigenous use and occupation of the landscape. Arkush particularly focused on corral traps used by the Mono Lake Paiute for hunting pronghorn.
The 13 objects of cultural patrimony are one lot of animal bones, one lot of ceramic sherds and vessels, one lot of glass shards and vessels, one lot of lithic flakes and arrowheads, one lot of metal fragments, one lot of shell artifacts and unmodified shell, one lot of wood artifacts, one lot of seed pods, one lot of mineralogical objects, one lot of glass beads, one lot of stones for milling, one lot of buttons (shell, metal, and wood), and one lot of fire-altered rock.
Through consultation with tribal representatives, the University of California, Riverside finds that this site is culturally affiliated with the Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation, California, and the Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony. The Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation, California considers the Owens Valley and Northern Paiute to be one related people and indigenous to the areas in which they now reside.
The Mono Lake Kootzaduka'a Tribe, a non-federally recognized Indian group that also was consulted, consider the Mono Lake Basin to be their aboriginal territory, too. This group's representatives stated that Mono Lake families are related to families who are now members of the Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation, California, and the Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony
Pennsylvania State University returning 25 ancestors' remains to Cherokee taken from Virginia
Since 1902, her husband, Mr. Howard K. Lucas, had been collecting prehistoric items, and during the 1920s and 1930s, he purchased some items from other collectors.
The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of, at minimum, 25 individuals of Native American ancestry.
No relationship of shared group identity can be reasonably traced between the human remains and any Indian Tribe.
The human remains described in this notice were removed from the aboriginal land of the Cherokee Nation; the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians; and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma.
The University of Nebraska returning cultural items to Stillaguamish
There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the cultural items and the Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians of Washington
St. Louis Science Center returning Osage ancestor
In 1870, human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from site 23SL3, Big Mound, in St. Louis County, MO, by archeologist Henry M. Whelpley with support from the Academy of Science of St. Louis.
The University of South Carolina returning Catawba remains and ceremonial items
In 1965, human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from site 38LA00-JH, in Lancaster County, SC, by Mr. John R. Hart of York, SC, from a “Historic Catawba Burial, near Van Wyck, South Carolina.
• There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains and associated funerary objects described in this notice and the Catawba Indian Nation ( previously listed as Catawba Tribe of South Carolina). Jan. 12, 2023 Federal Register. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/12/2023-00468/notice-of-inventory-completion-south-carolina-institute-of-archaeology-and-anthropology-university
New Mexico State University Las Cruces: Hundreds of Native ancestors taken from burial places being returned to Pueblos, Hopi, Navajo, Apache and Commanche
The Federal Register names individuals taking the ancestors, and the professors responsible for taking ancestors and sacred items from burial places throughout New Mexico and in Springerville, Arizona.
The long list begins with "Human remains representing, at minimum, four individuals were removed from a pueblo ruin in Chavez County, NM. In 1932, human remains representing, at minimum, two individuals were removed by Mr. and Mrs. Aiken." The list of ancestors' remains concludes with this: "White Sands Missile Range —In 1978, human remains representing, at minimum, two individuals were received by Dr. Mahmoud El-Najjar of New Mexico State University ..."
- The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of 288 individuals.
- The 1,079 objects described in this notice are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.
• There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains and associated funerary objects described in this notice and the Comanche Nation, Oklahoma; Hopi Tribe of Arizona; Navajo Nation, Arizona; Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation, New Mexico; Pueblo of Acoma, New Mexico; Pueblo of Jemez, New Mexico; Pueblo of Santa Ana, New Mexico; Pueblo of Tesuque, New Mexico; Santo Domingo Pueblo ( previously listed as Kewa Pueblo, New Mexico, and as Pueblo of Santo Domingo); White Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation, Arizona; Ysleta del Sur Pueblo ( previously listed as Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo of Texas); and the Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico.
Santa Barara Museum returning remains to Shoshone-Bannock
Human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from near Dillon in Beaverhead County, Montana. On an unknown date, Phil Cummings Orr, an archeologist and Curator of Paleontology and Anthropology at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History in the 1930s-1960s ... Orr identified it as being “Bannock Indian [from] Dillon, Montana.”
The Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History has determined that:
- The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of one individual of Native American ancestry.
- There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains described in this notice and the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation.
- https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/12/20/2022-27524/notice-of-inventory-completion-santa-barbara-museum-of-natural-history-santa-barbara-ca
In 1944, human remains (catalog numbers DU 6014 and DU 6056) representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from near Shiprock, in San Juan County, NM, possibly by Dr. E.B. Renaud, founder of the University of Denver Department of Anthropology, and were subsequently housed at the University of Denver Museum of Anthropology. No known individual was identified. No associated funerary objects are present.
The human remains described in this notice were removed from the tribal land of the Navajo Nation, Arizona, New Mexico, & Utah. Oct. 26, 2022 Federal Register.- The human remains described in this amended notice represent the physical remains of eight individuals of Native American ancestry.
- The 775 objects described in this amended notice are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.
• There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains and associated funerary objects described in this notice and the Quapaw Nation ( previously listed as The Quapaw Tribe of Indians); The Muscogee (Creek) Nation; and the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe.
Human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from site AZ BB:14:1(ASM) in Pima County, AZ. The site was first recorded in 1925 by an archeology field class under the direction of Byron Cummings with the University of Arizona (UA). Permitted excavation was subsequently conducted in 1927 by Edward John Hands under the direction of the UA. Collections from these field seasons were brought to ASM following fieldwork; no accession number was assigned. In 1941, ASM loaned to the Harvard Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Peabody) a ceramic cremation vessel containing cremated human remains that had been removed from site AZ BB:14:1(ASM). The human remains and vessel remained at the Peabody until 2021 when they were recalled by ASM. No known individual was identified. The one associated funerary object is a ceramic cremation vessel.
The human remains and associated funerary object in this notice are connected to one or more identifiable earlier groups, tribes, peoples, or cultures. There is a relationship of shared group identity between the identifiable earlier groups, tribes, peoples, or cultures and one or more Indian Tribes or Native Hawaiian organizations. The following types of information were used to reasonably trace the relationship: anthropological, archeological, biological, geographical, historical, linguistic, and oral traditional.
- The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of one individual of Native American ancestry.
- The one object described in this notice is reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.
The Federal Register states:
At an unknown date, human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from the vicinity of Waimea in Kauai County, HI. The human remains consist of an adult cranium that was collected by Valdemar Knudsen. Initially, these human remains were donated to the Smithsonian Institution. In February of 1869, they were transferred to the Army Medical Museum (today the National Museum of Health and Medicine). The cranium exhibits a healed depression fracture to the frontal bone. No known individual was identified. No associated funerary objects are present. (Nov. 7, 2022)
- Dated: January 4, 2023. Civil penalties increased for NAGPRA violations
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