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| The University of Arizona in Tucson is harboring more than 1,700 ancestors' remains that have not been returned to Tohono O'odham and other Hohokam descendants, in violation of federal law, a new database from ProPublica reveals. (Photo Tohono O'odham 1968 by University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, by Helga Teiwes) |
Border Region: Czech Anthropologist Desecrated Graves of O'odham and Yaqui for Racist Research
Trauma warning: The details of the grave robbers of Native burial places for museums can only be compared to a dark hole in the universe. It is vast and dark -- so dark that the trail of history leads back to acts by an anthropologist so vile and gruesome that this report must come with a warning: A trauma alert for Native descendants.
By Brenda Norrell
The Hyde Exploring Expedition, sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History, excavated and desecrated the burial places at Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon.
The vile and egregious acts of desecrating the graves and violating the bodies of Yoeme (Yaqui) in Sonora, including an infant in a cradleboard, are described below during the reburial in Vicam Pueblo, Sonora.
"As if the horror of the massacre weren't enough, U.S. anthropologist Ales Hrdlicka came upon some of the bodies while they were still decaying, hacked off the heads with a machete and boiled them to remove the flesh for his study of Mexico's 'races.'"
"He sent the resulting collection to the New York museum."
Pueblo Grande Museum: 16 ancestors
August 25, 2021
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/08/25/2021-18268/notice-of-inventory-completion-us-department-of-the-interior-bureau-of-indian-affairs-washington-dc
Site AZ T:12:3(PGM)/AZ T:12:9(ASM)/SRVSS Site 6/Villa Buena contained ballcourts, house mounds, and a compound. Based on ceramic types and architectural forms present, the site was likely occupied during the Sweetwater-Civano phases of the Hohokam cultural sequence (A.D. 550-1450).
In October of 1939, human remains representing, at minimum, three individuals were removed from site AZ U:9:15(PGM)/AZ U:9:13(ASM)/SRVSS Site 23, located within the boundaries of the Salt River Indian Reservation, Maricopa County, AZ, by personnel from the SRVSS working out of PGM. These excavations were permitted by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The human remains have been housed in the collections of PGM since they were excavated. The human remains represent two inhumations and one cremation. The decedents range in age from adolescent to old adult and all are of indeterminate sex. No known individuals were identified. The 10 associated funerary objects are two shell ornaments, one lot of shell fragments, two lots of faunal bones, one polishing stone, and four lots containing plainware and buffware sherds.
Site AZ U:9:15(PGM)/AZ U:9:13(ASM)/SRVSS Site 23 contained trash mounds, burials, and a canal. Based on ceramic types present, the site was likely occupied during the Estrella-Civano phases of the Hohokam cultural sequence (A.D. 450-1450).
In November of 1939, human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from site AZ U:9:16(PGM)/SRVSS Site 24, located within the boundaries of the Salt River Indian Reservation, Maricopa County, AZ, by personnel from the SRVSS working out of PGM. These excavations were permitted by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The human remains have been housed in the collections of PGM since they were excavated. They were not identified until 2018, when they were encountered during a review of the faunal collection. The fragmentary remains belong to a middle-aged adult of indeterminate sex. No known individual was identified. No associated funerary objects are present.
Site AZ U:9:16(PGM)/SRVSS Site 24 contained a compound, a house mound, trash mounds, and a burial area. Based on material culture and architectural forms present, the site was likely occupied during the Estrella-Civano phases of the Hohokam cultural sequence (A.D. 450-1450). There is also evidence for later occupation during historic times (A.D. 1800-1939).
In March of 1939, human remains representing, at minimum, two individuals were removed from site AZ U:9:14(ASM)/SRVSS Site 25, located within the boundaries of the Salt River Indian Reservation, Maricopa County, AZ, by personnel from the SRVSS working out of PGM. These excavations were permitted by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The human remains have been housed in the collections of PGM since they were excavated. They were not identified until 2021, when they were encountered during a review of the faunal collection. The fragmentary remains belong to a child and an adult; both are of indeterminate sex. No known individuals were identified. No associated funerary objects are present.
Site AZ U:9:14(ASM)/SRVSS Site 25 contained a compound, a house mound, a trash mound, and burial areas. Based on ceramic types and architectural forms present, the site was likely occupied during the Santa Cruz-Civano phases of the Hohokam cultural sequence (A.D. 800-1450).
In May of 1939, human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from site AZ U:9:28(PGM)/SRVSS Site 62, located within the boundaries of the Salt River Indian Reservation, AZ, by personnel from the SRVSS working out of PGM. These excavations were permitted by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The human remains have been housed in the collections of PGM since they were excavated. They were not identified until 2018, when they were encountered during a review of the faunal collection. The individual fragmentary remains belong to an adult of indeterminate sex. No known individual was identified. No associated funerary objects are present.
In January of 1940, human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from site AZ U:9:35(PGM)/SRVSS Site 95, located within the boundaries of the Gila River Indian Reservation, AZ, by personnel from the SRVSS working out of PGM. These excavations were permitted by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The human remains have been housed in the collections of PGM since they were excavated. They were not identified until 2021, when they were encountered during a review of the faunal collection. The fragmentary remains belong to an adult of indeterminate sex. No known individual was identified. The two associated funerary objects are one palette and one figurine.
Site AZ U:9:35(PGM)/SRVSS Site 95 contained trash mounds and cremation areas. Based on ceramic types present, the site was likely occupied during the Sweetwater-Sacaton phases of the Hohokam cultural sequence (A.D. 550-1150).
In 1963, human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed by a citizen from the “Snaketown area,” which most likely is site AZ U:13:1(ASM), located within the boundaries of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Maricopa County, AZ. The human remains and an associated funerary object were transferred to PGM sometime prior to 1995. The human remains have been housed in the collections of PGM since they were excavated. They were not identified until 2018, when they were encountered during a review of the faunal collection. The fragmentary remains belong to an adult of indeterminate sex. No known individual was identified. The one associated funerary object is one lot of mixed shell and lithics.
Site AZ U:13:1(ASM) was a large village containing canals, plazas, ballcourts, house groups, and a caliche-capped mound. Based on ceramic types, architectural forms, and other material culture attributes present, the site was likely occupied during the Snaketown-Sacaton phases of the Hohokam cultural sequence (A.D. 600-1150).
The Ak-Chin Indian Community [previously listed as Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona]; Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona; and the Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona comprise one cultural group known as the O'odham. Cultural continuity between the prehistoric Hohokam archeological culture and present-day O'odham peoples is supported by continuities in settlement pattern, architectural technologies, basketry, textiles, ceramic technology, and ritual practices. Oral traditions that are documented for the Ak-Chin Indian Community [previously listed as Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona]; Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona; and the Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona support their cultural affiliation with Hohokam archeological sites in central and southern Arizona.
The Hopi Tribe of Arizona considers all of Arizona to be within traditional Hopi lands or within areas where Hopi clans migrated in the past. Oral traditions and material culture that are documented for the Hopi Tribe support their cultural affiliation with Hohokam sites in central and southern Arizona. Several Hopi clans and religious societies are derived from ancestors who migrated from the south, and likely identified with the Hohokam archeological culture.
Migration from portions of the Southwest to present-day Zuni are documented in the oral traditions of kivas, priesthoods, and medicine societies of the Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico. These traditions support their affiliation with the central and southern Arizona Hohokam archeological culture. Historical linguistic analysis also suggests interaction between ancestral Zuni and Uto-Aztecan speakers during the late Hohokam period.
Determinations Made by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Joined by the Pueblo Grande Museum, City of Phoenix
Officials of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, joined by Pueblo Grande Museum, have determined that:
Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(9), the human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of 16 individuals of Native American ancestry.
Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(3)(A), the 29 objects described in this notice are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.
Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(2), there is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the Native American human remains and associated funerary objects and the Ak-Chin Indian Community [previously listed as Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona]; Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; Hopi Tribe of Arizona, Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona; Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona; and the Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico (hereafter referred to as “The Tribes”).
Museum of Northern Arizona Flagstaff: 800 funeral items Salt River
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/03/13/2017-04853/notice-of-inventory-completion-museum-of-northern-arizona-flagstaff-az-correction
By Brenda Norrell
Censored News
Feb. 11, 2023
Czech anthropologist Ales Hrdlicka robbed Tohono O'odham graves and desecrated the Yaqui in their burial places. Hrdlicka's grave robbing was carried out as part of his white supremacist and race-based studies, aimed at proving the superiority of the white race using human skulls.
While plundering graves and desecrating the bodies of Native People in Arizona and Sonora, he took photos of Tohono O'odham, Havasuapi and Hualapai children and adults between 1898 and 1902, which are now in collections of the wealthy and museums.
Hrdlicka's theory was that man came from apes, and since there were no apes in North America, he promoted the theory that the first Native people arrived on this continent by crossing the Bering Strait.
However, in contradiction to Hrdlicka’s racist theory, Native People point out that their oral histories tell of ancient migrations in both directions between continents.
Although thousands of O'odham ancestors have not been made available for return, one ancestor was. Hrdlicka is named as the grave robber in the notice by the American Museum of Natural History in New York, in the Federal Register.
While plundering graves and desecrating the bodies of Native People in Arizona and Sonora, he took photos of Tohono O'odham, Havasuapi and Hualapai children and adults between 1898 and 1902, which are now in collections of the wealthy and museums.
Hrdlicka's theory was that man came from apes, and since there were no apes in North America, he promoted the theory that the first Native people arrived on this continent by crossing the Bering Strait.
However, in contradiction to Hrdlicka’s racist theory, Native People point out that their oral histories tell of ancient migrations in both directions between continents.
Although thousands of O'odham ancestors have not been made available for return, one ancestor was. Hrdlicka is named as the grave robber in the notice by the American Museum of Natural History in New York, in the Federal Register.
Hrdlicka was in Arizona and the border region from 1898 to 1902 on the Hyde Expedition for the American Museum of Natural History in New York.
After plundering graves in the Southwest, Hrdlicka spent the rest of his life working at the Smithsonian promoting racist research using human skulls of Indigenous taken from their burial places throughout the Americas, Mongolia and Tibet.
The NAGPRA notice describes Hrdlicka robbing a Tohono O'odham grave.
"In 1902, human remains representing a minimum of one individual were collected by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka from southern Arizona, while Dr. Hrdlicka was a member of the Hyde Expedition, sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History," the NAGPRA notice states in the Federal Register/
"This individual has been identified as Native American based on the American Museum of Natural History’s catalog entry describing the remains as 'Papago.'"
"In 1902, human remains representing a minimum of one individual were collected by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka from southern Arizona, while Dr. Hrdlicka was a member of the Hyde Expedition, sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History," the NAGPRA notice states in the Federal Register/
"This individual has been identified as Native American based on the American Museum of Natural History’s catalog entry describing the remains as 'Papago.'"
It states the location is consistent with the current Tohono O’odham and Ak Chin territory. The photos Hrdlicka took during this time include a photo of Tohono O'odham boys at San Xavier in 1902.
The vile and egregious acts of desecrating the graves and violating the bodies of Yoeme (Yaqui) in Sonora, including an infant in a cradleboard, are described below during the reburial in Vicam Pueblo, Sonora.
Hrdlicka was celebrated by museums for robbing the graves of Indigenous throughout the Americas. He extensively exploited Inuit and Indigenous in Mongolia in his race-based studies promoting the Bering Strait theory and using human skulls.
O'odham and O'otham graves were plundered by anthropologists, as revealed in the NAGPRA, Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act, notices.
O'odham and O'otham graves were plundered by anthropologists, as revealed in the NAGPRA, Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act, notices.
The museum in Flagstaff has 800 funeral items from graves at Salt River. An ancestor was stolen from a cave on Gila River, and the ancestors were removed at the site of the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, operated by the National Park Service. (See NAGPRA notices below.)
The Tohono O'odham ancestors harbored by museums and the United States government were taken from the places shown below, in a new database by ProPublica.
The Tohono O'odham ancestors harbored by museums and the United States government were taken from the places shown below, in a new database by ProPublica.
Lands where Tohono O'odham were removed from burial places
https://projects.propublica.org/repatriation-nagpra-database/tribe/tohono-oodham-nation-arizona/
More than 4,000 Tohono O'odham ancestors were removed in Arizona counties
At Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, three Tohono O'odham ancestors were removed from their burial places and harbored by the Interior Department. At Saguaro National Park in Tucson, six ancestors were removed from their burial places.
-- These ancestors are among 1,691 ancestors' taken in Pima County now made available for return to Tohono O'odham and other Hokoham descendants.
-- In all more than 4,000 Tohono O'odham and other Hohokam ancestors were taken from their graves in these counties: Pima: 1,691; Gila, 1,042; Pinal, 915; Maricopa, 522; Santa Cruz: 228; Cochise: 68; Graham County: 25, and other Arizona counties.
-- At Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, 71 Tohono O'odham ancestors were removed from this land. Thirty-three ancestors were removed from Tumacacori. Luke Airforce Base removed one ancestor.
University of Arizona Tucson
The University of Arizona in Tucson removed 2,296 Tohono O'odham and other Hohokam ancestors from their burial places in Pima County. Only 51 percent are being made available for return -- in violation of the NAGPRA federal law.
In all, the University of Arizona Tucson has 4,384 Native remains. It has made only 44 percent available for return.
Anthropologist Hrdlicka desecrated Yaqui taken from graves
News articles document Hrdlicka's vile and grotesque acts. He beheaded still-decomposing victims of a massacre of Yaqui Indians and removed the flesh from the skulls as part of his research studies. He also threw out the corpse of an infant that was found in a cradleboard but forwarded this artifact along with the skulls and other remains to New York's American Museum of Natural History.
AP reported:
"Northern Mexico's Yaqui Indians buried their lost warriors after a two-year effort to rescue the remains from New York's American Museum of Natural History, where the victims of one of North America's last Indian massacres lay in storage for more than a century."
The 1902 massacre by Mexican federal troops killed about 150 Yaqui men, women and children.
"The 12 skulls and other blood-spattered remains interred in Vicam, a traditional Yaqui town in western Sonora state, carried some of the first forensic evidence of Mexico's brutal campaign to eliminate the tribe."
https://projects.propublica.org/repatriation-nagpra-database/tribe/tohono-oodham-nation-arizona/
More than 4,000 Tohono O'odham ancestors were removed in Arizona counties
At Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, three Tohono O'odham ancestors were removed from their burial places and harbored by the Interior Department. At Saguaro National Park in Tucson, six ancestors were removed from their burial places.
-- These ancestors are among 1,691 ancestors' taken in Pima County now made available for return to Tohono O'odham and other Hokoham descendants.
-- In all more than 4,000 Tohono O'odham and other Hohokam ancestors were taken from their graves in these counties: Pima: 1,691; Gila, 1,042; Pinal, 915; Maricopa, 522; Santa Cruz: 228; Cochise: 68; Graham County: 25, and other Arizona counties.
-- At Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, 71 Tohono O'odham ancestors were removed from this land. Thirty-three ancestors were removed from Tumacacori. Luke Airforce Base removed one ancestor.
University of Arizona Tucson
The University of Arizona in Tucson removed 2,296 Tohono O'odham and other Hohokam ancestors from their burial places in Pima County. Only 51 percent are being made available for return -- in violation of the NAGPRA federal law.
In all, the University of Arizona Tucson has 4,384 Native remains. It has made only 44 percent available for return.
Anthropologist Hrdlicka desecrated Yaqui taken from graves
News articles document Hrdlicka's vile and grotesque acts. He beheaded still-decomposing victims of a massacre of Yaqui Indians and removed the flesh from the skulls as part of his research studies. He also threw out the corpse of an infant that was found in a cradleboard but forwarded this artifact along with the skulls and other remains to New York's American Museum of Natural History.
AP reported:
"Northern Mexico's Yaqui Indians buried their lost warriors after a two-year effort to rescue the remains from New York's American Museum of Natural History, where the victims of one of North America's last Indian massacres lay in storage for more than a century."
The 1902 massacre by Mexican federal troops killed about 150 Yaqui men, women and children.
"The 12 skulls and other blood-spattered remains interred in Vicam, a traditional Yaqui town in western Sonora state, carried some of the first forensic evidence of Mexico's brutal campaign to eliminate the tribe."
"As if the horror of the massacre weren't enough, U.S. anthropologist Ales Hrdlicka came upon some of the bodies while they were still decaying, hacked off the heads with a machete and boiled them to remove the flesh for his study of Mexico's 'races.'"
"He sent the resulting collection to the New York museum."
In Vicam, Sonora, Yaqui reburied 12 sets of remains.
"In 1900, dictator Porfirio Diaz began moving Yaqui off their fertile farmland to less valuable territory or to virtual enslavement on haciendas as far away as eastern Yucatan state."
"In 1902, about 300 men, women and children escaped from forced exile and started walking back to their lands in Sonora. They were stopped in the mountains near the capital of Hermosillo by 600 heavily armed soldiers, who attacked them from behind. What ensued, long known as 'the Battle of the Sierra Mazatan,' is now considered one of the last large-scale Indian massacres in North America.'
"What soldiers were doing was — instead of wasting ammunition — turning the rifle around and hitting people in the head who were down, to make sure they were dead," said anthropologist Ventura Perez, who did a trauma investigation on the skulls for the American Yaqui tribes.
"Some bore execution-style gunshot wounds to the back of the head. Cut marks on the bones indicated troops took ears as trophies, said Perez, a professor at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
"The bones were forgotten in museum storage until Perez and anthropologist Andrew Darling, who works for the Gila River Indian Community in Arizona, started to study them in 2007 and realized their gruesome story.
"U.S. Indian remains are protected under the North American Indian Graves Protection Act. But because the law doesn't cover Mexican remains held in the U.S., the Arizona tribe contacted the Mexican Yaquis and they, in turn, contacted the Mexican government, which also decided to get involved."
"The museum agreed that the bones and other artifacts — including blood-spattered blankets and a baby carrying board from which Hrdlicka dumped an infant's corpse — should go back, saying 'cultural sensitivities and values within the museum community have changed' since Hrdlicka's era.
"Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History decided the real owners were the Yaquis."
Hrdlicka's Racist Theory
In his books Physical Anthropology (1919), followed by Anthropometry (1920) and Old Americans (1925), Hrdlička claimed that the first Americans immigrated across the Bering Strait from the Asian continent. His proposal was based on the fact that in the Americas there were no apes from which man could evolve.
Aleš Hrdlička founded and became the first curator of physical anthropology of the U.S. National Museum, now the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History in 1903.
"In 1900, dictator Porfirio Diaz began moving Yaqui off their fertile farmland to less valuable territory or to virtual enslavement on haciendas as far away as eastern Yucatan state."
"In 1902, about 300 men, women and children escaped from forced exile and started walking back to their lands in Sonora. They were stopped in the mountains near the capital of Hermosillo by 600 heavily armed soldiers, who attacked them from behind. What ensued, long known as 'the Battle of the Sierra Mazatan,' is now considered one of the last large-scale Indian massacres in North America.'
"What soldiers were doing was — instead of wasting ammunition — turning the rifle around and hitting people in the head who were down, to make sure they were dead," said anthropologist Ventura Perez, who did a trauma investigation on the skulls for the American Yaqui tribes.
"Some bore execution-style gunshot wounds to the back of the head. Cut marks on the bones indicated troops took ears as trophies, said Perez, a professor at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
"The bones were forgotten in museum storage until Perez and anthropologist Andrew Darling, who works for the Gila River Indian Community in Arizona, started to study them in 2007 and realized their gruesome story.
"U.S. Indian remains are protected under the North American Indian Graves Protection Act. But because the law doesn't cover Mexican remains held in the U.S., the Arizona tribe contacted the Mexican Yaquis and they, in turn, contacted the Mexican government, which also decided to get involved."
"The museum agreed that the bones and other artifacts — including blood-spattered blankets and a baby carrying board from which Hrdlicka dumped an infant's corpse — should go back, saying 'cultural sensitivities and values within the museum community have changed' since Hrdlicka's era.
"Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History decided the real owners were the Yaquis."
Hrdlicka's Racist Theory
In his books Physical Anthropology (1919), followed by Anthropometry (1920) and Old Americans (1925), Hrdlička claimed that the first Americans immigrated across the Bering Strait from the Asian continent. His proposal was based on the fact that in the Americas there were no apes from which man could evolve.
In 1927 Hrdlička began organizing expeditions to Alaska and the Bering Strait to support his theory that native Americans came from Asia across the Bering Strait. Among the numerous honors that he received was the naming of the Hrdlička Museum of Man in Prague after him, Wikipedia states.
Aleš Hrdlička founded and became the first curator of physical anthropology of the U.S. National Museum, now the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History in 1903.
Hrdlicka's perverse research included "colored children" in asylums
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Hrdlicka's books include "Anthropological Investigations on One Thousand White and Colored Children of Both Sexes, the Inmates of the New York Juvenile Asylum, with Additional Notes on One Hundred Colored Children of the New York Colored Orphan Asylum."
Hrdlickas Photos of O'odham, Havasupai, Hualapai
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Hrdlicka's books include "Anthropological Investigations on One Thousand White and Colored Children of Both Sexes, the Inmates of the New York Juvenile Asylum, with Additional Notes on One Hundred Colored Children of the New York Colored Orphan Asylum."
Hrdlickas Photos of O'odham, Havasupai, Hualapai
The National Museum of the American Indian, part of the Smithsonian, has Hrdlicka's photos of Havasupai, Hualapai and Tohono O'odham on its website.
https://americanindian.si.edu/collections-search/search/archives?edan_fq[]=set_name:%22Ale%C5%A1%20Hrdli%C4%8Dka%20photographs%20from%20Mexico%20and%20Arizona%22
https://americanindian.si.edu/collections-search/archives/components/sova-nmai-ac-103-ref11?destination=edan_searchtab/archives%3Fpage%3D2%26edan_fq%255B0%255D%3Dset_name%253A%2522Ale%25C5%25A1%2520Hrdli%25C4%258Dka%2520photographs%2520from%2520Mexico%2520and%2520Arizona%2522
NAGPRA Notices for Tohono O'odham and Hohokam Descendants
The following are excerpts with links to NAGPRA notices in the Federal Register for Tohono O’odham and other Hohokam descendants, which expose some of the grave robbings that were documented
https://americanindian.si.edu/collections-search/archives/components/sova-nmai-ac-103-ref11?destination=edan_searchtab/archives%3Fpage%3D2%26edan_fq%255B0%255D%3Dset_name%253A%2522Ale%25C5%25A1%2520Hrdli%25C4%258Dka%2520photographs%2520from%2520Mexico%2520and%2520Arizona%2522
NAGPRA Notices for Tohono O'odham and Hohokam Descendants
The following are excerpts with links to NAGPRA notices in the Federal Register for Tohono O’odham and other Hohokam descendants, which expose some of the grave robbings that were documented
Hrdlicka took Tohono O'odham from their burial place in 1902
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2001/10/09/01-25147/notice-of-inventory-completion-for-native-american-human-remains-and-associated-funerary-objects-in
A detailed assessment of the human remains was made by the American Museum of Natural History professional staff in consultation with representatives of the Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona, and Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona.
In 1902, human remains representing a minimum of one individual were collected by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka from southern Arizona, while Dr. Hrdlicka was a member of the Hyde Expedition, sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History. No known individual was identified. No associated funerary objects are present.
This individual has been identified as Native American based on the American Museum of Natural History’s catalog entry describing the remains as “Papago.” Geographic location is consistent with the post-contact territory of the Tohono O’odham, who are represented by the Tohono O’odham Nation of Arizona and the Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona. The presence of desiccated soft tissue and bone stained by copper or brass suggests a post-contact date for this burial.
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2001/10/09/01-25147/notice-of-inventory-completion-for-native-american-human-remains-and-associated-funerary-objects-in
A detailed assessment of the human remains was made by the American Museum of Natural History professional staff in consultation with representatives of the Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona, and Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona.
In 1902, human remains representing a minimum of one individual were collected by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka from southern Arizona, while Dr. Hrdlicka was a member of the Hyde Expedition, sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History. No known individual was identified. No associated funerary objects are present.
This individual has been identified as Native American based on the American Museum of Natural History’s catalog entry describing the remains as “Papago.” Geographic location is consistent with the post-contact territory of the Tohono O’odham, who are represented by the Tohono O’odham Nation of Arizona and the Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona. The presence of desiccated soft tissue and bone stained by copper or brass suggests a post-contact date for this burial.
Pueblo Grande Museum: 16 ancestors
August 25, 2021
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/08/25/2021-18268/notice-of-inventory-completion-us-department-of-the-interior-bureau-of-indian-affairs-washington-dc
A detailed assessment of the human remains was made by BIA and PGM professional staff in consultation with representatives of the Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; Hopi Tribe of Arizona; and the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona.
History and Description of the Remains
In December of 1939, human remains representing, at minimum, seven individuals were removed from site AZ T:12:3(PGM)/AZ T:12:9(ASM)/SRVSS Site 6/Villa Buena, located within the boundaries of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Maricopa County, AZ, by personnel from the Salt River Valley Stratigraphic Survey (SRVSS) working out of PGM. These excavations were permitted by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The human remains have been housed in the collections of PGM since they were excavated. Some of them were not identified until 2018, when they were encountered during a review of the faunal collection. The human remains represent two inhumations and five cremations. The decedents range in age from child to adult and all are of indeterminate sex. No known individuals were identified. The 16 associated funerary objects are one miniature red-on-buff jar, one palette, one shell bracelet fragment, two turquoise fragments, one burnt daub fragment, one burnt insect nest, two lots of faunal bone, six lots of shell and/or botanicals, and one lot of stone and shell.
In December of 1939, human remains representing, at minimum, seven individuals were removed from site AZ T:12:3(PGM)/AZ T:12:9(ASM)/SRVSS Site 6/Villa Buena, located within the boundaries of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Maricopa County, AZ, by personnel from the Salt River Valley Stratigraphic Survey (SRVSS) working out of PGM. These excavations were permitted by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The human remains have been housed in the collections of PGM since they were excavated. Some of them were not identified until 2018, when they were encountered during a review of the faunal collection. The human remains represent two inhumations and five cremations. The decedents range in age from child to adult and all are of indeterminate sex. No known individuals were identified. The 16 associated funerary objects are one miniature red-on-buff jar, one palette, one shell bracelet fragment, two turquoise fragments, one burnt daub fragment, one burnt insect nest, two lots of faunal bone, six lots of shell and/or botanicals, and one lot of stone and shell.
Site AZ T:12:3(PGM)/AZ T:12:9(ASM)/SRVSS Site 6/Villa Buena contained ballcourts, house mounds, and a compound. Based on ceramic types and architectural forms present, the site was likely occupied during the Sweetwater-Civano phases of the Hohokam cultural sequence (A.D. 550-1450).
In October of 1939, human remains representing, at minimum, three individuals were removed from site AZ U:9:15(PGM)/AZ U:9:13(ASM)/SRVSS Site 23, located within the boundaries of the Salt River Indian Reservation, Maricopa County, AZ, by personnel from the SRVSS working out of PGM. These excavations were permitted by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The human remains have been housed in the collections of PGM since they were excavated. The human remains represent two inhumations and one cremation. The decedents range in age from adolescent to old adult and all are of indeterminate sex. No known individuals were identified. The 10 associated funerary objects are two shell ornaments, one lot of shell fragments, two lots of faunal bones, one polishing stone, and four lots containing plainware and buffware sherds.
Site AZ U:9:15(PGM)/AZ U:9:13(ASM)/SRVSS Site 23 contained trash mounds, burials, and a canal. Based on ceramic types present, the site was likely occupied during the Estrella-Civano phases of the Hohokam cultural sequence (A.D. 450-1450).
In November of 1939, human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from site AZ U:9:16(PGM)/SRVSS Site 24, located within the boundaries of the Salt River Indian Reservation, Maricopa County, AZ, by personnel from the SRVSS working out of PGM. These excavations were permitted by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The human remains have been housed in the collections of PGM since they were excavated. They were not identified until 2018, when they were encountered during a review of the faunal collection. The fragmentary remains belong to a middle-aged adult of indeterminate sex. No known individual was identified. No associated funerary objects are present.
Site AZ U:9:16(PGM)/SRVSS Site 24 contained a compound, a house mound, trash mounds, and a burial area. Based on material culture and architectural forms present, the site was likely occupied during the Estrella-Civano phases of the Hohokam cultural sequence (A.D. 450-1450). There is also evidence for later occupation during historic times (A.D. 1800-1939).
In March of 1939, human remains representing, at minimum, two individuals were removed from site AZ U:9:14(ASM)/SRVSS Site 25, located within the boundaries of the Salt River Indian Reservation, Maricopa County, AZ, by personnel from the SRVSS working out of PGM. These excavations were permitted by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The human remains have been housed in the collections of PGM since they were excavated. They were not identified until 2021, when they were encountered during a review of the faunal collection. The fragmentary remains belong to a child and an adult; both are of indeterminate sex. No known individuals were identified. No associated funerary objects are present.
Site AZ U:9:14(ASM)/SRVSS Site 25 contained a compound, a house mound, a trash mound, and burial areas. Based on ceramic types and architectural forms present, the site was likely occupied during the Santa Cruz-Civano phases of the Hohokam cultural sequence (A.D. 800-1450).
In May of 1939, human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from site AZ U:9:28(PGM)/SRVSS Site 62, located within the boundaries of the Salt River Indian Reservation, AZ, by personnel from the SRVSS working out of PGM. These excavations were permitted by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The human remains have been housed in the collections of PGM since they were excavated. They were not identified until 2018, when they were encountered during a review of the faunal collection. The individual fragmentary remains belong to an adult of indeterminate sex. No known individual was identified. No associated funerary objects are present.
Site AZ U:9:28(PGM)/SRVSS Site 62 contained house mounds, trash mounds, and possibly a ballcourt. Based on ceramic types present, the site was likely occupied during the Santa Cruz-Sacaton phases of the Hohokam cultural sequence (A.D. 800-1150).
In January of 1940, human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from site AZ U:9:35(PGM)/SRVSS Site 95, located within the boundaries of the Gila River Indian Reservation, AZ, by personnel from the SRVSS working out of PGM. These excavations were permitted by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The human remains have been housed in the collections of PGM since they were excavated. They were not identified until 2021, when they were encountered during a review of the faunal collection. The fragmentary remains belong to an adult of indeterminate sex. No known individual was identified. The two associated funerary objects are one palette and one figurine.
Site AZ U:9:35(PGM)/SRVSS Site 95 contained trash mounds and cremation areas. Based on ceramic types present, the site was likely occupied during the Sweetwater-Sacaton phases of the Hohokam cultural sequence (A.D. 550-1150).
In 1963, human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed by a citizen from the “Snaketown area,” which most likely is site AZ U:13:1(ASM), located within the boundaries of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Maricopa County, AZ. The human remains and an associated funerary object were transferred to PGM sometime prior to 1995. The human remains have been housed in the collections of PGM since they were excavated. They were not identified until 2018, when they were encountered during a review of the faunal collection. The fragmentary remains belong to an adult of indeterminate sex. No known individual was identified. The one associated funerary object is one lot of mixed shell and lithics.
Site AZ U:13:1(ASM) was a large village containing canals, plazas, ballcourts, house groups, and a caliche-capped mound. Based on ceramic types, architectural forms, and other material culture attributes present, the site was likely occupied during the Snaketown-Sacaton phases of the Hohokam cultural sequence (A.D. 600-1150).
The Ak-Chin Indian Community [previously listed as Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona]; Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona; and the Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona comprise one cultural group known as the O'odham. Cultural continuity between the prehistoric Hohokam archeological culture and present-day O'odham peoples is supported by continuities in settlement pattern, architectural technologies, basketry, textiles, ceramic technology, and ritual practices. Oral traditions that are documented for the Ak-Chin Indian Community [previously listed as Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona]; Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona; and the Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona support their cultural affiliation with Hohokam archeological sites in central and southern Arizona.
The Hopi Tribe of Arizona considers all of Arizona to be within traditional Hopi lands or within areas where Hopi clans migrated in the past. Oral traditions and material culture that are documented for the Hopi Tribe support their cultural affiliation with Hohokam sites in central and southern Arizona. Several Hopi clans and religious societies are derived from ancestors who migrated from the south, and likely identified with the Hohokam archeological culture.
Migration from portions of the Southwest to present-day Zuni are documented in the oral traditions of kivas, priesthoods, and medicine societies of the Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico. These traditions support their affiliation with the central and southern Arizona Hohokam archeological culture. Historical linguistic analysis also suggests interaction between ancestral Zuni and Uto-Aztecan speakers during the late Hohokam period.
Determinations Made by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Joined by the Pueblo Grande Museum, City of Phoenix
Officials of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, joined by Pueblo Grande Museum, have determined that:
Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(9), the human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of 16 individuals of Native American ancestry.
Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(3)(A), the 29 objects described in this notice are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.
Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(2), there is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the Native American human remains and associated funerary objects and the Ak-Chin Indian Community [previously listed as Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona]; Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; Hopi Tribe of Arizona, Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona; Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona; and the Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico (hereafter referred to as “The Tribes”).
Museum of Northern Arizona Flagstaff: 800 funeral items Salt River
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/03/13/2017-04853/notice-of-inventory-completion-museum-of-northern-arizona-flagstaff-az-correction
This notice corrects the number of associated funerary objects published in a Notice of Inventory Completion in the Federal Register (71 FR 53469-53470, September 11, 2006). These additional associated funerary objects were located during a comprehensive inventory prior to the legal transfer of the Cashion site (NA14690) collections to the ownership of the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona. Transfer of control of the items in this correction notice has not occurred.
Correction
In the Federal Register (71 FR 53469, September 11, 2006), column 3, paragraph 1, sentence 5, is corrected by substituting the following sentence:
The 800 associated funerary objects are 325 pottery and ceramic fragments; 102 jewelry items and fragments; 1 reed mat; 2 different pieces of cloth; 123 soil, faunal bone, C-14, pollen, and wood samples; and 247 tools and implements.
In the Federal Register (71 FR 53469, September 11, 2006), column 3, paragraph 1, sentence 5, is corrected by substituting the following sentence:
The 800 associated funerary objects are 325 pottery and ceramic fragments; 102 jewelry items and fragments; 1 reed mat; 2 different pieces of cloth; 123 soil, faunal bone, C-14, pollen, and wood samples; and 247 tools and implements.
Cave Desecrated on Gila River
In the Federal Register (71 FR 53470, September 11, 2006), column 1, paragraph 1, sentence 2, is corrected by replacing the number “796” with the number “800.”Cave on Gila River
In the Federal Register (71 FR 53470, September 11, 2006), column 1, paragraph 1, sentence 2, is corrected by replacing the number “796” with the number “800.”Cave on Gila River
July 7, 2009
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2009/07/07/E9-16025/notice-of-inventory-completion-us-department-of-the-interior-bureau-of-indian-affairs-washington-dc
A detailed assessment of the human remains was made by Arizona State Museum and Bureau of Indian Affairs professional staff in consultation with representatives of the Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona; Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona; and Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona.
In 1973, human remains representing a minimum of four individuals were removed from a cave northwest of St. Johns Church, located within the boundaries of the Gila River Indian Reservation in Maricopa County, AZ. No additional site information is available. The human remains were collected by agents of the U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation and were received by the Arizona State Museum later that same year. No known individuals were identified. The one associated funerary object is a textile fragment.
Museum records lack sufficient information to culturally affiliate the human remains with any specific tribe. However, examination by a forensic anthropologist indicates that the human remains are of Native American ancestry, and possibly date to the Historic Period.
Casa Grande Ruins National Monument
Oct. 16, 2012 Federal Register NAGPRA
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2012/11/16/2012-27947/notice-of-inventory-completion-for-native-american-human-remains-and-associated-funerary-objects-in
(Correction)
In the Federal Register (61 FR 10009, March 12, 1996), paragraphs three through five are corrected by substituting the following paragraphs:
The Monument's collection of human remains represents a minimum of 54 Native American individuals and 55 associated funerary objects recovered from Hohokam sites within the Monument.
Human remains recovered from Hohokam sites dating between 975-1400 A.D. within the Monument boundaries comprise a minimum of 31 individuals. No known individuals were identified. The 36 associated funerary objects are 21 jars, 5 bowls, 2 pitchers, 7 sherds, and 1 jar cover.
In addition, cremations, burials, and incomplete lots of human bone representing a minimum of 23 individuals whose archaeological context are unknown have also been classified as Hohokam, primarily dating to the Classic Period (1150-1400 A.D.). No known individuals were identified. The 19 associated funerary objects are 15 jars, 2 bowls, 1 sherd, and 1 bag of beads.
In the Federal Register (61 FR 10009, March 12, 1996), the first two sentences of paragraph eight are corrected by substituting the following sentences:
Based on the above-mentioned information, and the consultation with the above-mentioned tribes, officials of the National Park Service have determined that pursuant to 43 CFR 10.2 (d)(1), the human remains listed above represent the physical remains of 54 individuals of Native American ancestry. National Park Service officials have determined that, pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001 (3)(A), the 55 objects listed above are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.
Repatriation of the human remains and associated funerary objects occurred after the 30-day waiting period expired for the original March 12, 1996, Notice of Inventory Completion. For questions related to this notice, contact Karl Cordova, Superintendent, Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, 1100 W. Ruins Drive, Coolidge, AZ 85128, telephone (520) 723-3172.
Casa Grande Ruins National Monument is responsible for notifying the Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona; Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; Hopi Tribe of Arizona; Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona; Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona; and Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico, that this notice has been published.
Dated: October 16, 2012.
--------------
San Diego
https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2012-04538.pdf
Notice is here given in accordance with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 25 U.S.C. 3003, of the completion of an inventory of human remains and associated funerary objects in the possession of San Diego State University, San Diego, CA. The human remains and cultural items were removed from the vicinity of Casa Grande and Gila Butte, AZ, and from the vicinity of Tuscon, AZ. This notice is published as part of the National Park Service’s administrative responsibilities under NAGPRA, 25 U.S.C. 3003 (d)(3). The determinations in this notice are the sole responsibility of the museum, institution or Federal agency that has control of the Native American human remains and associated funerary objects. The National Park Service is not responsible for the determinations in this notice. This notice corrects the consultation and relationship of the human remains identified in a Notice of Inventory Completion previously published in the Federal Register (65 FR 79120- 79121, December 18, 2000) to include the Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, AZ, for the items removed from site SDSU-0370 (1959-2). 2 In the Federal Register (65 FR 79120-79121, December 18,
2000), paragraph three is corrected by substituting the following paragraph: A detailed assessment of the human remains was made by San Diego State University professional staff in consultation with representatives of the Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona, and the Tohono O’odham Nation of Arizona. In the Federal Register (65 FR 79120-79121, December 18, 2000), paragraph six is corrected by substituting the following paragraph: Based on the manner of internment, these individuals have been identified as Native American. For the human remains removed from site SDSU-0370 (1959-2), geographic affiliation is consistent with the historically documented territory of the Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; for the human remains and cultural items removed from site SDSU-0371 (19701-10), geographic affiliation is consistent with the historically documented territory of the Tohono O’odham Nation of Arizona. In the Federal Register (65 FR 79120-79121, December 18, 2000), paragraph seven is corrected by substituting the following paragraph: Determinations made by the San Diego State University Officials of San Diego State University have determined that: • Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(9), the human remains listed above represent the physical remains of two individuals of Native American ancestry. • Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(3)(A), the two objects listed above are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony. • Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(2), there is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the Native American human remains and the 3 associated funerary objects and the Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona, and the Tohono O’odham Nation of Arizona.
Hrdlicka's Photos of Indigenous in Arizona and Mexico at the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2009/07/07/E9-16025/notice-of-inventory-completion-us-department-of-the-interior-bureau-of-indian-affairs-washington-dc
A detailed assessment of the human remains was made by Arizona State Museum and Bureau of Indian Affairs professional staff in consultation with representatives of the Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona; Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona; and Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona.
In 1973, human remains representing a minimum of four individuals were removed from a cave northwest of St. Johns Church, located within the boundaries of the Gila River Indian Reservation in Maricopa County, AZ. No additional site information is available. The human remains were collected by agents of the U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation and were received by the Arizona State Museum later that same year. No known individuals were identified. The one associated funerary object is a textile fragment.
Museum records lack sufficient information to culturally affiliate the human remains with any specific tribe. However, examination by a forensic anthropologist indicates that the human remains are of Native American ancestry, and possibly date to the Historic Period.
Casa Grande Ruins National Monument
Oct. 16, 2012 Federal Register NAGPRA
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2012/11/16/2012-27947/notice-of-inventory-completion-for-native-american-human-remains-and-associated-funerary-objects-in
(Correction)
In the Federal Register (61 FR 10009, March 12, 1996), paragraphs three through five are corrected by substituting the following paragraphs:
The Monument's collection of human remains represents a minimum of 54 Native American individuals and 55 associated funerary objects recovered from Hohokam sites within the Monument.
Human remains recovered from Hohokam sites dating between 975-1400 A.D. within the Monument boundaries comprise a minimum of 31 individuals. No known individuals were identified. The 36 associated funerary objects are 21 jars, 5 bowls, 2 pitchers, 7 sherds, and 1 jar cover.
In addition, cremations, burials, and incomplete lots of human bone representing a minimum of 23 individuals whose archaeological context are unknown have also been classified as Hohokam, primarily dating to the Classic Period (1150-1400 A.D.). No known individuals were identified. The 19 associated funerary objects are 15 jars, 2 bowls, 1 sherd, and 1 bag of beads.
In the Federal Register (61 FR 10009, March 12, 1996), the first two sentences of paragraph eight are corrected by substituting the following sentences:
Based on the above-mentioned information, and the consultation with the above-mentioned tribes, officials of the National Park Service have determined that pursuant to 43 CFR 10.2 (d)(1), the human remains listed above represent the physical remains of 54 individuals of Native American ancestry. National Park Service officials have determined that, pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001 (3)(A), the 55 objects listed above are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.
Repatriation of the human remains and associated funerary objects occurred after the 30-day waiting period expired for the original March 12, 1996, Notice of Inventory Completion. For questions related to this notice, contact Karl Cordova, Superintendent, Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, 1100 W. Ruins Drive, Coolidge, AZ 85128, telephone (520) 723-3172.
Casa Grande Ruins National Monument is responsible for notifying the Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona; Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; Hopi Tribe of Arizona; Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona; Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona; and Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico, that this notice has been published.
Dated: October 16, 2012.
--------------
San Diego
https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2012-04538.pdf
Notice is here given in accordance with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 25 U.S.C. 3003, of the completion of an inventory of human remains and associated funerary objects in the possession of San Diego State University, San Diego, CA. The human remains and cultural items were removed from the vicinity of Casa Grande and Gila Butte, AZ, and from the vicinity of Tuscon, AZ. This notice is published as part of the National Park Service’s administrative responsibilities under NAGPRA, 25 U.S.C. 3003 (d)(3). The determinations in this notice are the sole responsibility of the museum, institution or Federal agency that has control of the Native American human remains and associated funerary objects. The National Park Service is not responsible for the determinations in this notice. This notice corrects the consultation and relationship of the human remains identified in a Notice of Inventory Completion previously published in the Federal Register (65 FR 79120- 79121, December 18, 2000) to include the Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, AZ, for the items removed from site SDSU-0370 (1959-2). 2 In the Federal Register (65 FR 79120-79121, December 18,
2000), paragraph three is corrected by substituting the following paragraph: A detailed assessment of the human remains was made by San Diego State University professional staff in consultation with representatives of the Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona, and the Tohono O’odham Nation of Arizona. In the Federal Register (65 FR 79120-79121, December 18, 2000), paragraph six is corrected by substituting the following paragraph: Based on the manner of internment, these individuals have been identified as Native American. For the human remains removed from site SDSU-0370 (1959-2), geographic affiliation is consistent with the historically documented territory of the Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; for the human remains and cultural items removed from site SDSU-0371 (19701-10), geographic affiliation is consistent with the historically documented territory of the Tohono O’odham Nation of Arizona. In the Federal Register (65 FR 79120-79121, December 18, 2000), paragraph seven is corrected by substituting the following paragraph: Determinations made by the San Diego State University Officials of San Diego State University have determined that: • Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(9), the human remains listed above represent the physical remains of two individuals of Native American ancestry. • Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(3)(A), the two objects listed above are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony. • Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(2), there is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the Native American human remains and the 3 associated funerary objects and the Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona, and the Tohono O’odham Nation of Arizona.
Hrdlicka's Photos of Indigenous in Arizona and Mexico at the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian
This collection contains photographic prints taken by Ales Hrdlicka in Arizona and Mexico between 1898 and 1902. It is likely that many of the photographs were taken in 1902 as a part of the Hyde exploring expeditions on behalf of the American Museum of Natural History. Some of these photographs were taken by Carl Lumholtz and not Hrdlicka. Native communities that Hrdlicka photographed during his research include--Purepecha (Tarasco), Yoeme (Yaqui), Hualapai (Walapai), Havasupai (Coconino), Piipaash (Maricopa), Mojave (Mohave), Tohono O'odham (Papapgo), Quechan (Yuma/Cuchan), Tepecano, Akimel O'odham (Pima), Opata, Cora, Seri, Wixarika (Huichol), Nahua, Otomi, and Yoreme (Mayo). Locations photographed in Mexico include--Michoacán, Sonora, Mesa del Encanto and the Ruins of Totoate in Jalisco, Ruins of La Quamada and Ruins of Teul in Zacatecas, Nayarit State, and the central altiplano. Locations photographed in Arizona include--Casa Grande in Pinal County, Fort Yuma Reservation, Supai in Coconino County and the Mission San Xavier del Bac. The photographs include a large amount of posed portraits of men and women, none of them identified in our collection. Hrdlicka often posed his subjects both facing forward and in profile so that he could better examine their physical attributes.There are some group portraits as well as scenic shots of houses, churches and village views. Hrdlicka also photographed archaeological ruins including Casa Grande, Mesa del Encanto, Totoate, La Quamada and Teul. The copy negatives that were made from the prints in the late 1960s by the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation.
These institutions have not made available for return the remains of at least 4,200 Native Americans that were taken from counties known to be of interest to the Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona.
https://projects.propublica.org/repatriation-nagpra-database/tribe/tohono-oodham-nation-arizona/
These are estimates calculated using remains not made available for return from counties that the tribe has previously been eligible to claim remains from, as well as counties that the tribe has indicated interest in to the federal government. They are not comprehensive figures. The tribe may not wish to claim the remains, and other tribes may also seek to claim them.
Univ. of Arizona, Arizona State Museum 1,786
Arizona State Univ., School of Human Evolution and Social Change 774
Dept. of the Interior 760
BIA (759)
Casa Grande Ruins NM (1)
Harvard Univ., Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 364
Field Museum271
Dept. of Agriculture 127
Tonto NF (85)
Prescott NF (34)
Coconino NF (6)
Apache-Sitgreaves NF (1)
Coronado NF (1)
American Museum of Natural History 57
Arizona State Parks and Trails 40
Univ. of California, Berkeley 31
Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale, Center for Archaeological Investigations 13
Los Angeles County Natural History Museum 9
Beloit College, Logan Museum of Anthropology 8
Museum of New Mexico, Museum of Indian Arts and Culture 8
Museum of Northern Arizona 8
Eastern Arizona College Foundation 4
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 4
Dartmouth College, Hood Museum of Art 3
Univ. of Minnesota, Duluth, Dept. of Pathology 3
Univ. of Nebraska State Museum 3
Bowers Museum 2
Univ. of Texas, El Paso, Centennial Museum 2
Brooklyn Museum 1
Elgin Public Museum 1
Grand Rapids Public Museum 1
Maine Historical Society 1
Minnesota Indian Affairs Council 1
Pueblo Grande Museum, City of Phoenix 1
Rochester Museum and Science Center 1
San Bernardino County Museum 1
Sul Ross State Univ., Museum of the Big Bend 1
Dept. of Defense, National Museum of Health and Medicine 1
Univ. of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology 1
Univ. of New Mexico, Maxwell Museum of Anthropology 1
Univ. of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology 1
Yale Univ., Peabody Museum of Natural History 1
These 37 institutions have made remains available for return to Tohono O'odham
Arizona State Univ., School of Human Evolution and Social Change 774
Dept. of the Interior 760
BIA (759)
Casa Grande Ruins NM (1)
Harvard Univ., Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 364
Field Museum271
Dept. of Agriculture 127
Tonto NF (85)
Prescott NF (34)
Coconino NF (6)
Apache-Sitgreaves NF (1)
Coronado NF (1)
American Museum of Natural History 57
Arizona State Parks and Trails 40
Univ. of California, Berkeley 31
Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale, Center for Archaeological Investigations 13
Los Angeles County Natural History Museum 9
Beloit College, Logan Museum of Anthropology 8
Museum of New Mexico, Museum of Indian Arts and Culture 8
Museum of Northern Arizona 8
Eastern Arizona College Foundation 4
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 4
Dartmouth College, Hood Museum of Art 3
Univ. of Minnesota, Duluth, Dept. of Pathology 3
Univ. of Nebraska State Museum 3
Bowers Museum 2
Univ. of Texas, El Paso, Centennial Museum 2
Brooklyn Museum 1
Elgin Public Museum 1
Grand Rapids Public Museum 1
Maine Historical Society 1
Minnesota Indian Affairs Council 1
Pueblo Grande Museum, City of Phoenix 1
Rochester Museum and Science Center 1
San Bernardino County Museum 1
Sul Ross State Univ., Museum of the Big Bend 1
Dept. of Defense, National Museum of Health and Medicine 1
Univ. of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology 1
Univ. of New Mexico, Maxwell Museum of Anthropology 1
Univ. of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology 1
Yale Univ., Peabody Museum of Natural History 1
These 37 institutions have made remains available for return to Tohono O'odham
University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum 1,836
U.S. Department of Agriculture 1,611
U.S. Department of the Interior 1,284
Pueblo Grande Museum, City of Phoenix 351
Arizona Museum of Natural History 101
Museum of Northern Arizona 88
Heard Museum 27
Denver Museum of Nature and Science 18
University of Colorado Museum 17
Cochise College14
Arizona State University, School of Human Evolution and Social Change12
Robert S. Peabody Institute of Archaeology, Phillips Academy8
Arizona State Land Department5
Pomona College, Montgomery Gallery5
University of Idaho, Alfred W. Bowers Laboratory of Anthropology5
Vassar College5
Harvard University3
Fort Hays State University, Sternburg Museum of Natural History2
Milwaukee Public Museum2
Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner2
San Diego State University2
Texas A and M University2
University of Denver, Museum of Anthropology2
American Museum of Natural History1
California Department of Parks and Recreation1
College of Southern Idaho1
Grand Rapids Public Museum (formerly Public Museum of West Michigan)1
Indiana University1
Michigan State University1
Minneapolis Institute of Art1
Oakland Museum of California1
Pacific Lutheran University1
Palo Alto Junior Museum and Zoo1
Princeton University1
U.S. Department of Defense1
University of California, Los Angeles, Fowler Museum of Cultural History1
University of Maine 1
Pascua Yaqui Nation
U.S. Department of Agriculture 1,611
U.S. Department of the Interior 1,284
Pueblo Grande Museum, City of Phoenix 351
Arizona Museum of Natural History 101
Museum of Northern Arizona 88
Heard Museum 27
Denver Museum of Nature and Science 18
University of Colorado Museum 17
Cochise College14
Arizona State University, School of Human Evolution and Social Change12
Robert S. Peabody Institute of Archaeology, Phillips Academy8
Arizona State Land Department5
Pomona College, Montgomery Gallery5
University of Idaho, Alfred W. Bowers Laboratory of Anthropology5
Vassar College5
Harvard University3
Fort Hays State University, Sternburg Museum of Natural History2
Milwaukee Public Museum2
Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner2
San Diego State University2
Texas A and M University2
University of Denver, Museum of Anthropology2
American Museum of Natural History1
California Department of Parks and Recreation1
College of Southern Idaho1
Grand Rapids Public Museum (formerly Public Museum of West Michigan)1
Indiana University1
Michigan State University1
Minneapolis Institute of Art1
Oakland Museum of California1
Pacific Lutheran University1
Palo Alto Junior Museum and Zoo1
Princeton University1
U.S. Department of Defense1
University of California, Los Angeles, Fowler Museum of Cultural History1
University of Maine 1
Pascua Yaqui Nation
These two institutions made Native American remains available for return to the Pascua Yaqui Tribe.
U.S. Department of the Interior 20
U.S. Department of the Interior 20
Cochise College 14
Remains Not Made Available for Return That Were Taken From Counties of Interest to the Pascua Yaqui Nation
Univ. of Arizona, Arizona State Museum 1,135
Arizona State Parks and Trails 37
Harvard Univ., Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 19
American Museum of Natural History 3
Bowers Museum 2
Dartmouth College, Hood Museum of Art 2
Los Angeles County Natural History Museum2
Univ. of Texas, El Paso, Centennial Museum2
Minnesota Indian Affairs Council1
Rochester Museum and Science Center1
San Bernardino County Museum1
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History1
Univ. of Nebraska State Museum 1
The three sacred objects are a Chapayeka mask, sword, and knife. The mask was donated to the museum in 1969, and the sword and knife were purchased in 1969 from the same individual who donated the mask.
Dec. 9, 2022
NAGPRA Notice for Pascua Yaqui Nation
December 2002
In the Federal Register of February 27, 2002 (FR doc. 2-4580, pages 8996-9002) paragraph numbers 74 and 76 are corrected by substituting the following paragraphs:(Paragraph 74) Between 1985 and 1986, during legally authorized data recovery efforts undertaken by Northland Research for the Bureau of Reclamation, human remains representing nine individuals were recovered from the Hind site, AZ AA:1:62(ASM), in the lower Santa Cruz Valley in Pinal County, AZ.
No known individuals were identified. The 121 associated funerary objects are 1 reconstructed Snaketown Red/Buff bowl; 1 reconstructable Estrella Red/Grey bowl; 1 Sweetwater Red/Grey scoop; 5 partially reconstructed plainware bowls; 2 partially reconstructed plainware jars; 1 partially reconstructed indeterminate vessel; 25 bags of sherds; 35 ground stone shell-working tools; 1 polishing stone; 2 projectile points; 9 bags of chipped stone; 4 bags of worked shell (including 1 shell bracelet fragment, 1 partial shell pendant, and worked fragments); 1 bag of unworked shell fragments; 3 bags of unworked faunal bone fragments; and 30 flotation, pollen, and C-14 samples.
Article copyright Brenda Norrell, Censored News
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