Unified force to expose and halt U.S. torture

Government hysteria and fairy dancing, the United States' scary court arguments

By Brenda Norrell
http://www.bsnorrell.blogspot.com/

TUCSON -- To hear military prosecutor Capt. Evan Seamone tell it, the Fort Huachuca Army Intelligence Training Center is much like a Bible School Class for eight-year-olds.

Capt. Seamone, with an inordinate amount of squeaky cleanness, told the U.S. District court that the Army interrogation trainers at Fort Huachuca abide by every aspect of international law and the Geneva Conventions.

U.S. interrogators would, never, never, engage in sexual assaults, forcing detainees to remain naked for long periods of time and would never use dogs to terrorize inmates, he said.

But, they did.

It was Monday, August 13, and the preliminary motions of the trespass case against two priests, Franciscan Louie Vitale and Jesuit Steve Kelly, were being heard.

In response, defense attorney Bill Quigley quickly listed the U.S. interrogators abuse in Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib. There were lap dances by female interrogators who smeared what appeared to be menstrual blood on the face of the Muslim detainee. There were extremes of heat and cold and sleep deprivation.

U.S. interrogators squatted on the Koran.

Detainees heads were duck-taped. There was rape, sodomy and sexual assault. Hoods were placed on their head and electric wires ran from their bodies, including their penises, to simulate torture. They were forced to masturbate and were filmed doing it. They were strip searched in front of female interrogators. Detainees were placed on leashes and forced to perform dog tricks. They were piled on top of one another naked.

Female interrogators fondled the genitals of male detainees.

Those were the lucky ones. Others were beaten and an unknown number, at least six, died during those tortures by U.S. military personnel.

Among those carrying out these abuses was the 800th Military Police Brigade. They punched and slapped inmates, forced them to remain naked for long periods of time, simulated torture with wires and placed dog chains around inmates' necks. Inmates were short-shackled to the floor.

As Quigley spoke, he delivered to the court, report after report, from the U.S. Army, Navy, FBI and Red Cross, detailing the torture. There were hundreds of cases of torture and few U.S. interrogators were ever prosecuted.

Why were there no whistleblowers, Quigley asked. If this is military intelligence, didn't they know what was going on?

Quigley then explained Project X. Between 1966 and 1991, torture manuals were produced at Fort Huachuca. Those torture manuals were used by the School of the Americas in Fort Benning, Ga., to train Latin military and leaders. The manuals became public in 1996. Those torture manuals resulted in mass tortures, murders, rapes and disappearances in Central and South America. An unknown number of Indigenous Peoples were tortured and murdered.

In the current court case in federal court in Tucson, Priests Vitale and Kelly are facing 10 months in prison, charged with federal trespass and the Arizona state charge of failing to yield to an officer at Fort Huachuca.

On Monday, U.S. District Court Magistrate Hector Estrada spent a great deal of time scolding the priests. Apparently, Judge Estrada didn't like the fact that the priests have been going to prison in their efforts to oppose war and the nuclear industry.

However, Capt. Seamone's arguments were very revealing about what goes on at Fort Huachuca. If the judge agrees, there will be more of this when the trial gets underway.

"No actual detainees are actually used," Capt. Seamone explained of the training of interrogators at Fort Huachuca. "Of course, this is role playing."

Besides, he described Fort Huachuca as "very picturesque."

On top of all that, Capt. Seamone just couldn't understand what the priests definition of torture was. To hear him tell it, Fort Huachuca, near Sierra Vista in southern Arizona, is no more than a sweet walk in the park.

Besides, he said, whatever occurred before new military regulations regarding torture were put in place in 2005 "are irrelevant."

Capt. Seamone added that whatever is going on in another country, or "what the CIA may be doing," doesn't address what is going on at Fort Huachuca.

The government's delivery was as rigid as a Ku Klux Klan mantra.

Meanwhile, there was a row of military commanders and police seated in the audience in court, prepared as witnesses for the government. They all sat extremely upright during the prosecutor's delivery, but their shoulders began to sag as Quigley described the sexual and physical assaults on prisoners.

No, they don't torture inmates at Fort Huachuca, they do it at Guantanamo Bay, Abu Ghraib and in Afghanistan, Quigley told the court. Further, Quigley asked if Fort Huachuca has addressed the torture. Quigley said it is believed that U.S. torture continues.

After listening to the preliminary arguments, one can only wonder why a federal court would even proceed with this case: Two priests kneeling in prayer outside a guard station. They weren't even inside the gates of Fort Huachuca. With a backlog of federal cases, why chose this one to proceed to trial?

Quigley explained that the priests had not even reached the guard station when they were arrested outside.

If they had been pizza delivery men, they would have been allowed in. "They could have driven farther in a car," Quigley told the court.

Capt. Seamone wanted these two priests to sound pretty scary. Capt. Seamone used the "A" word: "Anthrax" in court. No kidding. He said Army personnel had to take a great deal of precaution when they saw two Catholic priests approaching with a letter. He said this was because Anthrax was sent earlier to post office employees and Congressmen.

Whoa, now there's a stretch. At this point, I scribble in my notebook: "Fairy dancing." The government's mangling of truth with deception had created a sort of fairlyland.

What the priests really planned to do was to deliver a letter to Major Gen. Barbara Fast, then at Fort Huachuca. Major Gen. Fast was the commanding intelligence officer in Iraq at the time of the most grotesque tortures of detainees and went unpunished for her involvement.

While chastising the priests, the judge said that Martin Luther King, Jr., always obtained formal permits before he marched in protest. Members in the audience, apparently older than the judge, groaned at the misinformation.

The motions to the court were taken under advisement.

PHOTOS OF U.S. TORTURE AT Abu Ghraib in Iraq:
http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&q=Abu+Ghraib

PHOTO at top: Buddhist monk Arjahn Sarayut Arnanta catches up with Fr. Louie Vitale as Vitale enters U.S. District Court in Tucson Monday. Vitale, with a tiny pink rose between his lips, and Jesuit priest Steve Kelly were arrested as they knelt in prayer outside the gates of Fort Huachuca in 2006. The priests now want to expose to the world the role of Fort Huachuca's Army Intelligence Training Center in torture by interrogators at Guantanamo Bay, Abu Ghraib in Iraq and Afghanistan. Arnanta said he had planned to spend the day searching for the dying along the U.S./Mexico border, but chose instead to spend the day supporting the priests' effort to expose torture. Photo Brenda Norrell


Read more: "Priests expose secret cycle of U.S. torture"
Counterpunch
by Brenda Norrell
http://www.counterpunch.org/

US Army torture manuals: (copy and past link if not functioning)
http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/manuals.htm

"Let us put our minds together and see what life we can make for our
children." Sitting Bull

Mohawk rail protest Montreal Tuesday, Aug. 14

Posted by Mohawk Nation News

At the August 12, 2007 People's Global Action (PGA) Consulta to plan actions against the upcoming meeting of Bush/Harper/Calderon and the Security and Prosperity Partnership (SPP), the following resolution was passed unanimously:

"We call for the immediate release of Mohawk political prisoner Shawn Brant, without condition; we also re-iterate our support for the self-determination and sovereignty of the Mohawks of Tyendinaga."

Tangibly, in Montreal , a picket will be held against CN RAIL this Tuesday, August 14 at NOON, at the Central Train Station (more details below). The picket will be denounce CN's racist lawsuits against Mohawk protesters, including Shawn Brant. We will publicly stand for Shawn Brant's immediate release from prison.

http://nooneisillegal-montreal.blogspot.com/2007/08/august-14-picket-and-demo-against-cn.html
---

-- Support indigenous struggles for sovereignty, dignity and self-determination on Turtle Island ...

-- Oppose CN Rail's racism and colonialism ...

-- Protest Bush, Harper, Calderon and the "Security and Prosperity Partnership" (SPP)

::::::::::::::::::::
TUESDAY, AUGUST 14th, NOON
Picket and Demonstration
Montreal Central Train Station
metro Bonaventure
(enter via the metro,
or via the street at 895 de la Gauchetière West,
between University and Mansfield)
::::::::::::::::::::

** Meet at the large departures/arrivals sign in the main lobby of the train station. Bring your banners, placards, flags and other symbols of dissent. **

-- We demand that CN Rail drop their racist lawsuits against Mohawk activists at Tyendinaga;
-- We stand in support and solidarity with indigenous struggles for sovereignty and self-determination all over Turtle Island;
-- We denounce CN Rail's role in the corporate North American
Competitiveness Council and the Security and Prosperity Partnership (SPP).

"When justice fails, block the rails!"

CN Rail is a multi-billion dollar company, headquartered in Montreal , whose tracks and installations occupy native lands from ocean-to-ocean.

CN Rail is currently pursuing multi-million dollar lawsuits against Mohawk activists from the community of Tyendinaga who are actively involved in the defense of their land.

The Mohawks of Tyendinaga are demanding the return of the Culberston Tract, which was stolen from them in 1832. Recently a portion of the land was reclaimed, with the Tyendinaga community demanding that the Ontario government revoke the license legitimizing a private quarry operation that is literally removing land from the Culberston Tract. For more info, consult: http://ocap.ca/firstnations/tyendinaga/culbertson

CN is threatening more lawsuits against other indigenous communities and activists who block CN rail lines.

CN Rail and their executives are targeting indigenous community organizers who have effectively brought the issue of native sovereignty to the forefront. In the context of unsettled land claims, and the fact that their tracks sit on appropriated native territory, CN Rail's actions are colonial and racist.

While CN uses the courts to attack native activists, their CEO -- E. Hunter Harrison – is a member of the North American Competitiveness Council, a key promoter of the recently formed "Security and Prosperity Partnership" (SPP) between Canada, the United States and Mexico. The SPP continues the imposition of the neo-liberal North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), combined with paranoid "Homeland Security" policies.

The SPP is an attack on all working and oppressed peoples, especially the indigenous peoples of " North America ". The SPP leaders – George Bush, Stephen Harper and Felipe Calderon -- will be meeting later this summer, from August 20-21, in Montebello , Quebec (just 90 minutes from Montreal ).

Join us on August 14 in Montreal, as we build towards the protests against Bush, Harper and Calderon in Montebello on August 20 (info: www.psp-spp.com )

Organized and endorsed by: Block the Empire-Montreal (BLEM), Liberterre, No One Is Illegal-Montreal, La Rue Brique, Solidarity Across Borders, Tadamon! Montreal, La Pointe Libertaire and others (to add your group endorsement, please contact noii-montreal@resist.ca)

-> Text of the flyer passed out at the picket against CN on July 1,
2007 in Montreal:
http://nooneisillegal-montreal.blogspot.com/2007/07/flyer-text-why-we-are-protesting.html

-> "About the SPP" Background: http://www.psp-spp.com/?q=en/aboutthespp

INFO: 514-848-7583, noii-montreal@resist.ca

::::::::::
::::::::::

Le 12 août dernier, lors de la Consulta du réseau de l'Action mondiale des peuples (AMP) en vue de planifier les actions contre le Sommet de Bush, Harper, Calderon et du Partenariat pour la sécurité et laprospérité (PSP), nous avons adopté à l'unanimité la résolution suivante :

«Nous exigeons la libération immédiate et inconditionelle du prisonnier politique Mohawk Shawn Brant; en ce sens, nous voulons également réitérer notre soutien à l'autodétermination et aux luttes pour la souveraineté des Mohawks de Tyendinaga.»

À Montréal, une ligne de piquetage contre la compagnie CN sera organisée, et aura lieu ce mardi le 14 août à MIDI, à la Gare centrale (plus de détails ci-dessous). Cette action dénoncera les poursuites racistes du CN à l'endroit des militants Mohawks, dont Shawn Brant. Nous appuyons publiquement la libération immédiate de Shawn Brant.
---

http://nooneisillegal-montreal.blogspot.com/2007/08/14-aot-manifestation-contre-cn-et-le.html

-- Appuyez les luttes autochtones pour la souveraineté, la dignité et l'autodétermination sur l'Île de la Tortue

-- Dénoncez l'attitude raciste et colonialiste du CN

-- Manifestons contre Bush, Harper, Calderon et le « Partenariat pour la sécurité et la prospérité (PSP) »

::::::::::::::::::::
Le MARDI 14 août, midi
Manifestation
Gare centrale de Montréal
Métro Bonaventure
(Entrez par le métro, ou par l'entrée du 895 de la Gauchetière ouest, entre les rues University et Mansfield)
::::::::::::::::::::

** Point de rendez-vous à l'enseigne Départs/Arrivées, dans le hall principal de la gare. Apportez vos bannières, pancartes, drapeaux et autres symboles de protestation. **

-- Nous demandons que le CN abandonne ses poursuites en justice contre les militants Mohawks de Tyendinaga;
-- Nous sommes en solidarité et appuyons sans condition les luttes des peuples autochtones pour leur souveraineté et leur autodétermination, partout sur l'Île de la Tortue;
-- Nous dénonçons le rôle du CN dans le Conseil nord-américain pour la prospérité et le Partenariat nord-américain pour la sécurité et la prospérité.

« Quand le CN attaque, on bloque la track! »


Le CN est une société privée multi milliardaire, dont le siège social se trouve à Montréal et dont les rails et installations occupent illégitimement les territoires des autochtones, d'un océan à l'autre.

Le CN poursuit actuellement en justice (pour plusieurs millions de dollars) plusieurs activistes Mohawks de la communauté Tyendinaga ( Ontario ) qui sont activement impliqués dans la défense de leur territoire. Les Mohawks de Tyendinaga revendiquent le territoire de Culberson Tract, qui leur a été volé en 1832. Récemment, une partie des terres a été reprise et la communauté de Tyendinaga exige que le gouvernement ontarien révoque le permis légitimant l'exploitation d'une carrière privée qui enlève, littéralement, la terre du Culberson Tract. Pour plus de renseignements, visitez : http://ocap.ca/firstnations/tyendinaga/culbertson

Le CN menace d'engager d'autres poursuites contre des communautés et militant-e-s autochtones qui choisissent de bloquer les chemins de fer.

Le CN et ses cadres ciblent les organisateurs communautaires autochtones qui ont remis à l'ordre du jour l'enjeu des revendications territoriales non résolues et la souveraineté des peuples autochtones. Dans le contexte des revendications territoriales non résolues, et considérant que leurs chemins de fer se trouvent sur des territoires arrachés aux peuples autochtones, les actions en justice du CN sont profondément racistes et colonialistes.

Alors que le CN utilise le système de justice pour attaquer les activistes autochtones, le PDG de la compagnie, E. Hunter Harrison, est membre du Conseil nord-américain de la compétitivité, un acteur clé du nouvellement formé Partenariat nord-américain pour la sécurité et la prospérité (PSP), entre le Canada, les Etats-Unis et le Mexique. Le PSP poursuit le programme néolibéral imposé par l'Accord de libre échange nord américain (ALENA), mais y rajoute des politiques de « sécurité nationale ».

Le PSP est une attaque portée contre les travailleurs et les travailleuses et toutes les classes opprimées de l'Amérique du Nord. Les leaders du PSP – George Bush, Stephen Harper et Felipe Calderón – se rencontreront cet été, les 20 et 21 août prochain, au Château Montebello (Outaouais, Qc.), à 90 minutes de Montréal.

Joignez-vous à nous le 14 août à Montréal, alors que nous poursuivons nos actions contre Bush, Harper, Calderon et le PSP à Montebello, le 20 août prochain (info: www.psp-spp.com )

Cette action est organisée et endossée par : Bloquez l'Empire! –
Montréal (BLEM), Solidarité sans frontières, Liberterre, Personne n'est illégal-Montréal, Tadamon! Montréal, La Pointe Libertaire, La Rue Brique, et autres (pour associer le nom de votre groupe à la liste des endossements, veuillez écrire à noii-montreal@resist.ca )

-> Texte du tract distribué à la manifestation du 1er juillet à Montréal :
http://nooneisillegal-montreal.blogspot.com/2007/07/texte-du-tracte-pourquoi-nous.html

-> À propos du PSP: un autre point de vue: http://www.psp-spp.com/?q=fr/node/35

INFO: 514-848-7583, noii-montreal@resist.ca



Posted by MNN Mohawk Nation News

See: “NWO/Corporations”

http://www.mohawknationnews.com/news/news4.php?en=en&layout=mnn&category=48&srcurl=%2Fnews%2Fnews3.php%3Flang%3Den%26layout%3Dmnn%26sortorder%3D0

Priests expose secret cycle of U.S. torture

Protest U.S. torture this morning, Mon., Aug. 13, U.S. District Court, on corner of Granada and Congress in Tucson


Priests expose secret cycle of U.S. torture

Priests are prepared to go to prison to expose U.S. military intelligence behind the torture at Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo

By Brenda Norrell
http://www.bsnorrell.blogspot.com

TUCSON – Two Roman Catholic priests, Jesuit Fr. Steve Kelly and Franciscan Fr. Louis Vitale, are exposing the secret cycle of U.S. torture, beginning with Fort Huachuca, a military intelligence operation in southern Arizona with a sordid history.

With pretrial motions beginning this morning, Aug. 13, they are prepared to go to prison in order to speak out against torture carried out by U.S. military.

With the two priests hoping for a jury trial, Fr. Kelly said they want to expose the human rights violations on a broad scale, citing international law and United Nations agreements. Fr. Kelly admits the U.S. courtroom can be a “very, very dangerous place.” Still, he adds, “The more they prosecute us; it makes for a more high profile case.”

“We would like to put torture on trial,” Fr. Kelly. “It is important for us to speak up.”

The tortures in Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo – people hooded with electrical wires running from them – reveal the same torture techniques that were used in Central America. The United States actually published torture manuals to train Latin military, resulting in the rape, mutilation, disappearance and murder of masses of Indigenous Peoples in Central America in the 1980s.

Those torture manuals were produced in Fort Huachuca and used in training by the School of Americas in Fort Benning, Ga., in the 1980s. More recently, soldiers trained at the Fort Huachuca U.S. Army Intelligence Training Center, have gone on to torture at Abu-Ghraib and Guantanamo.

Fr. Kelly and Fr. Vitale were arrested as they knelt in prayer outside the gates of Fort Huachuca when they sought entry to speak with enlisted personnel on Nov. 19, 2006. They were delivering a letter denouncing torture and the Military Commissions Act of 2006, destined for Major Gen. Barbara Fast, commander at the post at the time. Major Gen. Fast was a key figure in the torture scandal at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq.

After the priests were halted outside the gates and knelt in prayer, they were charged with federal trespass and the Arizona state charge of failure to comply with a police officer. They each face 10 months in prison.

Both priests spoke Sunday night, Aug. 12, at Southside Church, the building that served as the passageway and root of the Sanctuary Movement, were more than 10,000 Indigenous Peoples passed through in the 1980s and early 1990s, finding sanctuary and refuge from torture in Central America. At this site in the barrio of the now-famous Underground Railroad, the details of the United States’ torture were exposed.

Bill Quigley, attorney for Fr. Vitale and Fr. Kelly, spoke on torture. Quigley, professor of law at Loyola University in New Orleans, said these acts of torture do not just leave the detained person dehumanized, but shatter the lives of their families. Further, the torturers themselves become the victims of torture. Often, the torturers are young soldiers, fearful of not following orders.

Forty-four detainees in Iraq and Afghanistan have died in U.S. captivity that were hooded, strangled, gagged or beaten with blunt objects, he said.

Quigley described the tortures, which George Bush no longer considers torture.

One detainee from Saudi Arabia was tied with a leash, forced to wear a bra and strip-searched in front of women. He was forced to urinate in his clothing.

In Abu Ghraib, one detainee was forced to strip in front of females and commit a sexual act, which was recorded on film with the threat of showing his family. In another case, a detainee was chained to the prison floor, while a female performed a strip tease and spread what appeared to be menstrual blood on his face.

Quigley asked, “If the Iraqis did that to our soldiers, what would we do?”

Quigley said this brutality and sadism were often carried out by U.S. military police and military intelligence, sometimes by the National Guard.

There is now a prevalence of torture. There are 330 documented cases of U.S. military and civilians abused or killed detainees. Those cases involved 600 U.S. personnel and 460 inmates.

“There is a code of silence,” Quigley said. One method of ensuring the code of silence is to force others present to participate in the torture.

Fr. Vitale recalled the torture of Sister Dianna Ortiz by security forces in Guatemala in 1989. Ortiz described how the guard put cigarettes out on her body, including her breasts, and made her dance naked with him.

Fr. Vitale said, “But because he didn’t penetrate her, according to George Bush, it wasn’t torture.”

Fr. Vitale said there has already been one cause for celebration since arrests. Commander Major Gen. General Barbara Fast is no longer at Fort Huachuca. Major Gen. Fast was the highest raking intelligence officer tied to the torture at Abu Ghraib and yet she has never been punished. Two soldiers with ties to Fort Huachuca are among 28 implicated in the 2002 beating deaths of two prisoners in Afghanistan.

“We were successful. She is gone.”

Fr. Vitale said at Fort Huachuca, Fast and others taught how to break people down. Describing the inhumane acts of the torturers, he said, “It is about humiliation.”

As Fr. Vitale and Fr. Kelly spoke on Sunday night, it was clear, that truth has a way of seeping out. The news of a vigil taking place outside of Guantanamo filters past the impenetrable walls to the detainees in the prison of horror. With the passage of time, the details of what really goes on behind the walls of Fort Huachuca is revealed by former soldiers. Regardless of the consequences, some military personnel speak out and expose the tortures in Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo.

According to one former solider at Fort Huachuca, “The whole world sees us as not very moral people.”

Fr. Kelly, dedicated in the struggle against nuclear weapons, described walking in protest of torture to Guantanamo prison in Cuba. He said that earlier, “George Bush said, ‘We’ve got nothing to hide, anyone is welcome to be here.’”

Therefore, on December 10, 2005, Fr. Kelly and about 25 others held a vigil outside the prison, hoping this news would filter in to the detainees. He knew this was possible, since he had been a prisoner himself, for attempting to literally beat a nuclear weapon into a plowshare. While in prison, the news of vigils and protests had filtered through to the imprisoned.

Now anti-torture proteters and prisoners of conscience in Tucson are organizing a November 18-19 torture teach-in and action, there is hope here that the protests against Fort Huachuca will grow as large as the protests against the School of the Americas. In the beginning, there were only about 20 protesters and now there are about 22,000 at Fort Benning during last year’s November protest.

In this room in Southside Church, there are many women and men with gray hair who have served six months in jail for stepping across the line at the School of the Americas in conscientious protest.

While Americans are complacent in their self-glory, the truth is, the rest of the world now views America as a country without morals, without adherence to international laws banning torture. Torture has become the United States' stain, a fall from grace in the eyes of the world.


The shockwaves from the case are already present. According to one soldier at Fort Huachuca, the tortureontrial.org website can no longer be accessed from the base.

During the evening, the Hopi Foundation Center for the Prevention and Resolution of Violence in Tucson offered a presentation of poetry from its Owl and Panther Program, which provides young victims of torture with the opportunity to express themselves through poetry.

Youth Vicki Hernandez read, “You can’t just torture a little bit.”

“Torture in any form is a crime against humanity.”

Pressing for the Military Commissions Act to be revoked, torture-free activists here pointed out that the MCA allows detainees to be subjected to stress positions, temperature extremes, sleep deprivation and possibly waterboarding. Further, it authorizes the use of evidence obtained through “coercion,” another word for torture, in U.S. military tribunals to secure convictions.

The MCA allows the President to detain anyone, including U.S. citizens, without charge by designating them as “enemy combatants” or “unlawful enemy combatants.”

Further, legal U.S. residents and foreign citizens living in their own countries are subject to summary arrest and indefinite detention, with no hope of appeal.

It also authorizes retroactive immunity for U.S. military and intelligence officers for abuses that occurred at Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo and secret CIA facilities.

In the MCA, the definitions of rape and sexual assault are diluted as compared to the standards of international law.

The MCA ignores the fact that rape and sexual assault can be perpetrated not just through force, but through any type of situation, that negates consent on the part of the victim. Further, MCA uses an older and more narrow definition of sexual assault by requiring “sexual contact” between the perpetrator and the victim.

This narrower definition of sexual assault would exclude acts such as forced nakedness, forced sexual entertainment, or practices witnessed at Abu Ghraib such as piling naked prisoners on top of one another or forcing prisoners to strip and wear female underwear on their heads.

The MCA provides legal justification for intelligence abuses that are un-American and which have led to a severe decline in the reputation of the United States among the community of nations.

Photo: Attorney Bill Quigley speaks at Southside Church as Fr. Louie Vitale and Fr. Steve Kelly listen. Youth speaks from Hopi Foundation Prevention and Resolution of Violence. Photos Brenda Norrell