Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights

February 5, 2023

University of California Berkeley leads U.S. in Native Grave Robbing



Photo Penn State Museum

University of California Berkeley leads U.S. in Native Grave Robbing. Long History of Grave Robbing by Museums Revealed in NAGPRA Notices.

By Brenda Norrell
Censored News

The University of California Berkeley has the largest number of unreturned human remains of Native Americans, in violation of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.

Further, recent notices in the Federal Register reveal that grave robbing resulted in large numbers of Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa, Miwok, Pueblo, Shawnee, Arapaho, Siletz, and others being harbored for decades by museums across the United States.

UC Berkeley has Native remains from every county in Arizona and Utah where the Navajo Nation is located.

UC Berkeley harbors 90 Native remains from Navajo County; 21 from Apache County; six from Coconino County; all in Arizona, and 26 from San Juan County in Utah. Only one percent, from Navajo County, have been offered for return. The Hopi Nation is located in Apache and Coconino Counties.


University of California Berkeley: The orange areas show where human remains have not been made available to Native Nations, and the green areas represent where remains have been made available for return.

The remains from the Four Corners region harbored by UC Berkeley are among 9,058 Native Americans that it has not made available for return, according to a new database by ProPublica.

Berkeley News describes how the name of anthropologist Alfred Louis Kroeber has been stripped from the University of California Berkeley buildings because of the massive collections of Native remains, and his unethical use of Ishi as a living Native example at the university.

UC Berkeley’s Kroeber Hall became the fourth building on campus to be stripped of its name in a year’s time.

Alfred Louis Kroeber, born in 1876 and the founder of the study of anthropology in the American West — is a powerful symbol that continues to evoke exclusion and erasure for Native Americans, reports Gretchen Kell in Berkeley News in 2021.

"In 1911, Kroeber also took custody of a Native American man, a genocide survivor he named Ishi, and allowed him to live at the UC’s anthropology museum, where the proposal states that he performed as a living exhibit for museum visitors,” making Native crafts, such a stone tools. After dying of tuberculosis in 1916, his body was autopsied, against the wishes he’d expressed to Kroeber for cremation and burial without autopsy."

"Additionally, Kroeber’s pronouncement that the Ohlone people were culturally extinct contributed to the federal government not recognizing the Ohlone and 'leading to the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe having no land and no political power,' according to the university's Building Name Review Committee.

Recent notices in Federal Register reveal the grave robbing and development resulting in museums harboring Native remains.

The UC Berkeley notice shows that beginning in 1868, human remains representing, at minimum, 497 individuals were removed from multiple places in Marin County in California, ancestral territory of the Coast Miwok, among whom are the Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria.

On Wednesday, the University of Tennessee and Army Corps made available for return 152 Native remains, taken from places throughout South Dakota. They were made available for return to the Arikara, Mandan and Hidatsa in North Dakota.

In southern New Mexico, the University of New Mexico Las Cruces reveals it has harbored 288 human remains taken by individual grave robbers, and grave robbers in the name of archaeology. They are the ancestors of Pueblo, Hopi, Apache, Navajo and Commanche taken from burial places in New Mexico and Springerville, Arizona.

Harvard University Plundered Southwest: Now Harboring more than 6,000 Native Remains

Harvard University is harboring thousands of Native American remains and not making the ancestors available for return, as required by law. This includes 459 from Navajo County, home to Navajo, Hopi and White Mountain Apache. 

https://projects.propublica.org/repatriation-nagpra-database/institution/harvard-university/
In the image, ProPublica shows in orange where the ancestors were taken from that have not been made available for return. The green areas are where the ancestors were taken that Harvard has made available for return.

Harvard has not returned 458 Native American remains taken from Maricopa County in Arizona, home to Fort McDowell Yavapai, Gila River O'otham, Salt River O'otham, and Tohono O'odham.

Harvard University was harboring 10,000 remains of Native Americans and still has at least 6,100.

In the name of archaeology, Alfred V. Kidder robbed the graves of Jemez Pueblo in New Mexico until 1929. Jemez Pueblo brought 1,921 of their ancestors remains home from Harvard's Peabody Museum in 1999.

Harvard had hair from 700 Native children in boarding school

Harvard admitted in November that it had hair from Native children in boarding schools at its Peabody Museum.

"Anthropologist George Edward Woodbury collected the hair samples for a study and donated them to the museum in the 1930s. A majority of the hair belonged to about 700 Native American children, representing about 300 tribal nations, who attended U.S. Indian Boarding Schools." https://sports.yahoo.com/harvard-museum-promises-return-native-052534352.html

Harvard's study of Native hair began in 1930 when the burial places were being plundered and robbed at Mesa Verde. Then, it included the Native Nations below. 


Harvard's race-based study used the hair of Native American children and stolen remains. This 1932 document shows how it began:

To see the list of the ancestors made available for return by Harvard, go to https://projects.propublica.org/repatriation-nagpra-database/institution/harvard-university/ 

The Peabody Museum had found in its collections the remains of 15 individuals who may have been enslaved.

The following are excerpts from 33 recent notices in the Federal Register summarized by Censored News.

Army Corps of Engineers and Univesity of Tennessee returns remains to Hidatsa, Mandan and Arikara
Feb. 1, 2023

"The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of 152 individuals of Native American ancestry.
The 41 objects described in this notice are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.
There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains and associated funerary objects described in this notice and the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota."

Delaware at American Museum of Natural History
Feb. 1, 2023

"The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of 40 individuals of Native American ancestry.
The 10 objects described in this notice are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.
There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains and associated funerary objects described in this notice and the Delaware Nation, Oklahoma; Delaware Tribe of Indians; and the Stockbridge Munsee Community, Wisconsin."

Remains of Colville at Eastern Washington University
Feb. 1, 2023
"Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(9), the human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of 19 individuals of Native American ancestry.
Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(2), there is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the Native American human remains and associated funerary objects and the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation.

Vassar College in New York has Native Hawaiian remains

Federal Register states:

Human remains representing, at minimum, four individuals were removed from Maalaea, Maui County, HI. During the 1920s, these human remains (030 Box; 380 Box; 577; Mandible 9) were acquired by Vassar College's Natural History and Social Museums.

https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/30/2023-01844/notice-of-inventory-completion-vassar-college-poughkeepsie-ny

Michigan State University: Native remains from Sacramento County, Calif., were 7,000 years old

Human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from Sacramento County, CA. On an unknown date, this individual was acquired by Kalamazoo resident Donald Boudeman, who collected Native American material culture during the first half of the twentieth century. In July of 1961, some years after her husband's death, Donna Boudeman donated these human remains to the Michigan State University Museum. The Museum's record indicates the remains of this individual were recovered from a mound in Sacramento County, CA. Mounds in this region could be as much as 7,000 years old. No known individual was identified. No associated funerary objects are present.

There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains described in this notice and the Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California; California Valley Miwok Tribe, California; Ione Band of Miwok Indians of California; Jackson Band of Miwuk Indians ( previously listed as Jackson Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California); Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians, Shingle Springs Rancheria (Verona Tract), California; United Auburn Indian Community of the Auburn Rancheria of California; and the Wilton Rancheria, California. (Federal Register. National Park Service, Jan. 30. 2023)

Chicago Field Museum: Northern Arapaho and Utah Basketmaker

Human remains representing, at minimum, four individuals were removed from unknown location(s). According to Museum records, these human remains consisting of four crania were part of a group of eighteen unaccessioned individuals that had been stored in a box labeled “Sun Dance, Arapaho.” The Museum contends, based on institutional history and collections practices, that the box was likely used previously for a collection of Sun Dance materials, which did not include human remains, without being re-labeled. Some time prior to 1985, catalog cards were prepared for the eighteen individuals, identifying them as “Arapaho?”. During a 1985-87 inventory, 12 of the 18 individuals were identified as Basketmaker from San Juan County, Utah, and as coming to the Museum as part of the Lang Collection from the University of Chicago's Walker Museum. The other six individuals could not be identified. The Museum determined these human remains to be culturally unidentifiable due to a lack of information.

The Northern Arapaho Tribe's position is that the Museum's records were, at some point, sufficient for the Museum to conclude that the requested human remains were possibly Arapaho, and that there is no extant contrary evidence sufficient to overturn this initial conclusion. The fact that there is no present evidence could simply be the result, in the Tribe's view, that the evidence establishing these remains as Arapaho previously simply didn't survive. Accordingly, the Northern Arapaho Tribe has requested repatriation of four of these individuals. No associated funerary objects are present.

The human remains in this notice were removed from unknown geographic location(s). The evidence from the Field Museum's records indicates that the human remains may have come from either accession 694 (Arapaho materials from Wind River Reservation, Wyoming), accession 777 (Sun Dance, Arapaho materials from the Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation, Oklahoma), or accession 1468 (Basketmaker material from San Juan County, Utah). (Jan. 30, 2023)

https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/30/2023-01848/notice-of-inventory-completion-michigan-state-university-east-lansing-mi

Shawnee Ancestors: University of Kentucky: Native remains were taken during anthropological excavations, pipeline construction and development

The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of 138 individuals of Native American ancestry.

The 2,617 objects described in this notice are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.

There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains and associated funerary objects described in this notice and the Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma; Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma; and the Shawnee Tribe.

Federal register Jan. 30, 2023

https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/30/2023-01845/notice-of-inventory-completion-william-s-webb-museum-of-anthropology-university-of-kentucky


Cherokee Ancestors: the University of South Carolina returning ancestors

Three individuals were removed in Keowee Toxaway Reservoir salvage excavations conducted for Duke Power Company of Charlotte, NC.
 
The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of five individuals of Native American ancestry.

The 137 objects described in this notice are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.
There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains and associated funerary objects described in this notice and the Cherokee Nation and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.

Beliot, Wisconsin, College returning Osage Nation Ceremonial Shield Cover

In 1901, one item of cultural patrimony was removed from Oklahoma by Dr. George A. Dorsey. The object of cultural patrimony is a shield cover (31207.2) that originally belonged to Tall Chief.

University of California at Riverside returning Paiute objects spanning 1,500 years

Thirteen cultural items were removed from site CA-Mno-2122 in Mono, CA, during an archeological excavation led by Brooke Arkush from the University of California, Riverside. The primary objective of the investigation was to track material cultural changes and subsistence practices of the Mono Lake Paiute from the Late Archaic Period (circa A.D. 500) to the Euro-American Settlement of the lake basin (A.D. 1850-1920). The objects removed from the site represent approximately 1,500 years' worth of indigenous use and occupation of the landscape. Arkush particularly focused on corral traps used by the Mono Lake Paiute for hunting pronghorn.

The 13 objects of cultural patrimony are one lot of animal bones, one lot of ceramic sherds and vessels, one lot of glass shards and vessels, one lot of lithic flakes and arrowheads, one lot of metal fragments, one lot of shell artifacts and unmodified shell, one lot of wood artifacts, one lot of seed pods, one lot of mineralogical objects, one lot of glass beads, one lot of stones for milling, one lot of buttons (shell, metal, and wood), and one lot of fire-altered rock.

Through consultation with tribal representatives, the University of California, Riverside finds that this site is culturally affiliated with the Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation, California, and the Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony. The Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation, California considers the Owens Valley and Northern Paiute to be one related people and indigenous to the areas in which they now reside.

The Mono Lake Kootzaduka'a Tribe, a non-federally recognized Indian group that also was consulted, consider the Mono Lake Basin to be their aboriginal territory, too. This group's representatives stated that Mono Lake families are related to families who are now members of the Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation, California, and the Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony

Pennsylvania State University returning 25 ancestors' remains to Cherokee taken from Virginia

Since 1902, her husband, Mr. Howard K. Lucas, had been collecting prehistoric items, and during the 1920s and 1930s, he purchased some items from other collectors.

The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of, at minimum, 25 individuals of Native American ancestry.

No relationship of shared group identity can be reasonably traced between the human remains and any Indian Tribe.

The human remains described in this notice were removed from the aboriginal land of the Cherokee Nation; the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians; and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma.

https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/12/2023-00475/notice-of-inventory-completion-penn-state-university-matson-museum-of-anthropology-university-park

The University of Nebraska returning cultural items to Stillaguamish

There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the cultural items and the Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians of Washington

https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/12/2023-00471/notice-of-intent-to-repatriate-cultural-items-university-of-nebraska-state-museum-lincoln-ne

St. Louis Science Center returning Osage ancestor

In 1870, human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from site 23SL3, Big Mound, in St. Louis County, MO, by archeologist Henry M. Whelpley with support from the Academy of Science of St. Louis.

https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/12/2023-00470/notice-of-inventory-completion-saint-louis-science-center-st-louis-mo

The University of South Carolina returning Catawba remains and ceremonial items

In 1965, human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from site 38LA00-JH, in Lancaster County, SC, by Mr. John R. Hart of York, SC, from a “Historic Catawba Burial, near Van Wyck, South Carolina.

  • The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of one individual of Native American ancestry.
  • The 79 objects described in this notice are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.
  • • There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains and associated funerary objects described in this notice and the Catawba Indian Nation ( previously listed as Catawba Tribe of South Carolina). Jan. 12, 2023 Federal Register. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/12/2023-00468/notice-of-inventory-completion-south-carolina-institute-of-archaeology-and-anthropology-university

    New Mexico State University Las Cruces: Hundreds of Native ancestors taken from burial places being returned to Pueblos, Hopi, Navajo, Apache and Commanche

    The Federal Register names individuals taking the ancestors, and the professors responsible for taking ancestors and sacred items from burial places throughout New Mexico and in Springerville, Arizona.

    The long list begins with "Human remains representing, at minimum, four individuals were removed from a pueblo ruin in Chavez County, NM. In 1932, human remains representing, at minimum, two individuals were removed by Mr. and Mrs. Aiken." The list of ancestors' remains concludes with this: "White Sands Missile Range —In 1978, human remains representing, at minimum, two individuals were received by Dr. Mahmoud El-Najjar of New Mexico State University ..."

    • The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of 288 individuals.
    • The 1,079 objects described in this notice are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.

    • There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains and associated funerary objects described in this notice and the Comanche Nation, Oklahoma; Hopi Tribe of Arizona; Navajo Nation, Arizona; Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation, New Mexico; Pueblo of Acoma, New Mexico; Pueblo of Jemez, New Mexico; Pueblo of Santa Ana, New Mexico; Pueblo of Tesuque, New Mexico; Santo Domingo Pueblo ( previously listed as Kewa Pueblo, New Mexico, and as Pueblo of Santo Domingo); White Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation, Arizona; Ysleta del Sur Pueblo ( previously listed as Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo of Texas); and the Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico.

  • https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/12/2023-00464/notice-of-inventory-completion-new-mexico-state-university-museum-las-cruces-nm-us-department-of-the

  • Mississippi: Native remains removed at Battle of Ackia

  • The Mississippi Department of Archives has deleted this notice posted in 2005. "In the summer of 1937, human remains representing a minimum of one individual were removed from the Alston-Wilson site (MLe14), by Moreau Chambers, an archeologist with the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, as part of an ongoing survey and legally authorized excavation of Chickasaw sites in Lee County, MS. The excavation and survey were undertaken to study Chickasaw culture and find the location of the Battle of Ackia as part of the process for establishing Ackia Battleground National Monument ..."
  • The Mississippi Department of Archives and History is responsible for notifying the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas ( previously listed as Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas); Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town; Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana; Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians; Jena Band of Choctaw Indians; Miami Tribe of Oklahoma; Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians; Quapaw Nation ( previously listed as The Quapaw Tribe of Indians); The Chickasaw Nation; The Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma; The Muscogee (Creek) Nation; The Osage Nation ( previously listed as Osage Tribe); and the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe that this notice has been published.
  • https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2005/06/20/05-12029/notice-of-inventory-completion-mississippi-department-of-archives-and-history-historic-preservation

  • The return home of eight children from Carlisle Indian School Cemetery, Department of Army
  • https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/04/22/2022-08582/notice-of-intended-disinterment-correction

  • Children's Museum of Indianapolis: Return of feathered prayer stick to Navajo
  • https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/12/09/2022-26800/notice-of-intent-to-repatriate-cultural-items-the-childrens-museum-of-indianapolis-indianapolis-in

  • Southern Ute Museum return of masks to Haudenausonee
  • https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/11/23/2022-25571/notice-of-intent-to-repatriate-cultural-items-southern-ute-cultural-center-and-museum-ignacio-co

  • Arkansas Archaeological Survey returning ancestors taken from Arkansas and Oklahoma

  • The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of 65 individuals of Native American ancestry.
  • No relationship of shared group identity can be reasonably traced between the human remains and associated funerary objects and any Indian Tribe. The human remains and associated funerary objects described in this notice were removed from the aboriginal land of the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma; Quapaw Nation ( previously listed as The Quapaw Tribe of Indians); The Osage Nation ( previously listed as Osage Tribe); and the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe.https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/10/27/2022-23401/notice-of-inventory-completion-arkansas-archeological-survey-fayetteville-ar

    Oberlin College in Ohio: Ancestors remains to be returned to Oyate (Lakota)
    (1989) “Geo. L. Williams” is listed as the donor. According to records of the Oberlin College Archives, George Louis Williams was an Oberlin graduate who served as an itinerant preacher in Jerauld County, South Dakota from June to December 1890, and was killed in China's Boxer Rebellion in 1900.
    There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains described in this notice and the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Reservation, South Dakota.

    Santa Barara Museum returning remains to Shoshone-Bannock

    Human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from near Dillon in Beaverhead County, Montana. On an unknown date, Phil Cummings Orr, an archeologist and Curator of Paleontology and Anthropology at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History in the 1930s-1960s ... Orr identified it as being “Bannock Indian [from] Dillon, Montana.”

    The Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History has determined that:

    The University of Georgia returning sacred items to Quapaw Nation


    Chicago Field Museum returning remains to Blackfeet

    Human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from Glacier and Pondera Counties, MT. The human remains ... were excavated from the Blackfeet Indian Reservation by George A. Dorsey and accessioned by the Field Museum in 1897. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/11/23/2022-25573/notice-of-inventory-completion-field-museum-of-natural-history-chicago-il

    BIA: Dine' remains removed from Shiprock

    In 1944, human remains (catalog numbers DU 6014 and DU 6056) representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from near Shiprock, in San Juan County, NM, possibly by Dr. E.B. Renaud, founder of the University of Denver Department of Anthropology, and were subsequently housed at the University of Denver Museum of Anthropology. No known individual was identified. No associated funerary objects are present.

    The human remains described in this notice were removed from the tribal land of the Navajo Nation, Arizona, New Mexico, & Utah. Oct. 26, 2022 Federal Register.

    Previously, in 2016, Dr. E.B. Renaud was believed to be responsible for human remains at the Denver Museum of Anthropology, which reported 96 human remains.

    The University of Denver Museum of Anthropology may proceed with the agreed upon transfer of control of the culturally unidentifiable human remains and associated funerary objects to the Southern Ute Indian Tribe of the Southern Ute Reservation, Colorado and Ute Mountain Tribe of the Ute Mountain Reservation, Colorado, New Mexico & Utah.
    https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/03/08/2016-05064/notice-of-inventory-completion-university-of-denver-museum-of-anthropology-denver-co

    Department of Interior returning ancestor to Native Village of Nelson Lagoon

    Human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from near Port Moller, Alaskan Peninsula, Alaska. Sometime before 1967, Alex Wheeler of Carpinteria, CA, collected a human mandible from an area about 10 miles from Port Moller, AK, that included a large hot spring.
     There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains described in this notice and the Native Village of Nelson Lagoon.

    Oregon Cultural Society Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians of Oregon

    Based on newspaper reporting and first-hand accounts, in January of 1972, David Berry, Laura [Berry] Bernard, and George Thompson uncovered and removed skeletal remains and associated funerary objects from the Oregon Coast, near the mouth of the Salmon River, south of Cascade Head, in Lincoln County

    The University of Nebraska returns ancestors to Omaha of Nebraska

    UNSM determined that these items were funerary objects associated with the human remains and other associated funerary objects removed in 1939 from site 25DK2A, a historic cemetery dating to A.D. 1780-1820, in Dakota County, NE, during excavations conducted under the direction of Stanley Bartos, Jr.
    ... human remains and other associated funerary objects removed in 1940 from site 25DK10, a historic cemetery dating to A.D. 1780-1820, in Dakota County, NE, during excavations conducted under the direction of John Champe.

    Peabody Museum of Archaeology in Massachusetts returns remains from Alligator Mounds in Mississippi
    • The human remains described in this amended notice represent the physical remains of eight individuals of Native American ancestry.
    • The 775 objects described in this amended notice are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.

    • There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains and associated funerary objects described in this notice and the Quapaw Nation ( previously listed as The Quapaw Tribe of Indians); The Muscogee (Creek) Nation; and the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe.


    University of Arizona's Arizona Museum in Tucson

    Human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from site AZ BB:14:1(ASM) in Pima County, AZ. The site was first recorded in 1925 by an archeology field class under the direction of Byron Cummings with the University of Arizona (UA). Permitted excavation was subsequently conducted in 1927 by Edward John Hands under the direction of the UA. Collections from these field seasons were brought to ASM following fieldwork; no accession number was assigned. In 1941, ASM loaned to the Harvard Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Peabody) a ceramic cremation vessel containing cremated human remains that had been removed from site AZ BB:14:1(ASM). The human remains and vessel remained at the Peabody until 2021 when they were recalled by ASM. No known individual was identified. The one associated funerary object is a ceramic cremation vessel.

    The human remains and associated funerary object in this notice are connected to one or more identifiable earlier groups, tribes, peoples, or cultures. There is a relationship of shared group identity between the identifiable earlier groups, tribes, peoples, or cultures and one or more Indian Tribes or Native Hawaiian organizations. The following types of information were used to reasonably trace the relationship: anthropological, archeological, biological, geographical, historical, linguistic, and oral traditional.

    • The human remains described in this notice represent the physical remains of one individual of Native American ancestry.
    • The one object described in this notice is reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.

    • There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains and associated funerary object described in this notice and the Ak-Chin Indian Community ( previously listed as Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona); Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; Hopi Tribe of Arizona; Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona; Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona; and the Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico.

    The University of California Davis has 14 ancestors and 559 objects to be returned to California Natives

    Human remains representing, at minimum, 14 individuals were removed from Colusa County, CA. In 1962 and 1963, CA-COL-1 (UC Davis Accession 38) was excavated by Dr. Martin Baumhoff and Walt Brown as a part of a UC Davis Field School. No known individuals were identified. Of the 649 associated funerary objects listed in this notice, 559 objects are present and accounted for in the UC Davis collections and 90 objects are currently missing.
    There is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the human remains and associated funerary objects described in this notice and the Cachil DeHe Band of Wintun Indians of the Colusa Indian Community of the Colusa Rancheria, California; Kletsel Dehe Band of Wintun Indians ( previously listed as Cortina Indian Rancheria); and the Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation, California ( previously listed as Rumsey Indian Rancheria of Wintun Indians of California).

    University of California Berkeley removed Native remains from Marin County

    Beginning in 1868, human remains representing, at minimum, 497 individuals were removed from multiple identified sites in Marin County ...
    Since time immemorial, Marin County, CA, has been the ancestral territory of the Coast Miwok, among whom are the Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria.

    Norwegian sugar cane plantation in Hawaii, who was earlier a merchant in California during the gold rush, collected human remains in Hawaii

    The Federal Register states:

    At an unknown date, human remains representing, at minimum, one individual were removed from the vicinity of Waimea in Kauai County, HI. The human remains consist of an adult cranium that was collected by Valdemar Knudsen. Initially, these human remains were donated to the Smithsonian Institution. In February of 1869, they were transferred to the Army Medical Museum (today the National Museum of Health and Medicine). The cranium exhibits a healed depression fracture to the frontal bone. No known individual was identified. No associated funerary objects are present. (Nov. 7, 2022)

    https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/11/07/2022-24226/notice-of-inventory-completion-us-department-of-defense-defense-health-agency-national-museum-of

      Dated: January 4, 2023. Civil penalties increased for NAGPRA violations

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