Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights
Showing posts with label Apaches. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Apaches. Show all posts

June 24, 2022

Divided Ninth Circuit Appeals Court leads Apache Stronghold to Supreme Court




Divided Ninth Circuit Appeals Court leads Apache Stronghold to Supreme Court

By Apache Stronghold
Censored News
Friday, June 24, 2022
Updated June 25, 2020
French translation by Christine Prat

https://chrisp.lautre.net/wpblog/?p=7179


SAN CARLOS, Arizona – Today, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in a 2-1 decision ruled that the request for a preliminary injunction to halt the land exchange of Oak Flat be denied. Apache Stronghold—a coalition of Apaches, other Native peoples, and non-Native allies, which is represented by the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty—has vowed to appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court immediately.

 

The Preliminary Injunction would have stopped Resolution Copper, a foreign owned mining company, from gaining control over Oak Flat through a land exchange, until the court case, Apache Stronghold vs. the U.S. was decided. The court ruled that Apache Stronghold's case against the United States had no likelihood of winning.

 

October 24, 2020

Unanswered Questions: Johns Hopkins fails to respond to vital questions -- 40 years of vaccine experiments on Navajos and Apaches





Unanswered Questions: Johns Hopkins fails to respond to vital questions -- 40 years of vaccine experiments on Navajos and Apaches

By Brenda Norrell
Censored News Exclusive

Johns Hopkins Center for American Indian Health failed to respond to the most important questions concerning 40 years of vaccine experiments on Navajos and Apaches. Johns Hopkins is currently carrying out the Pfizer and BioNTech vaccine experiments using Navajos.

Johns Hopkins failed to answer the following questions regarding its vaccine experiments. The vaccine experiments were carried out largely in secret and without public scrutiny over the past 40 years in IHS hospitals on the Navajo Nation and White Mountain Apache Nation.

(1) Have any Navajos or Apaches become sick or died as a result of Johns Hopkins' experimental medicines or treatments?

(2) Are blood and DNA of Navajo or Apache stored, how are they used and who has access to these?

Johns Hopkins' responses to Censored News questions are below, but there is no mention of the number, if any, who became sick or died. The pevious article: "Seven questions for Johns Hopkins" by Censored News is at:  https://bsnorrell.blogspot.com/2020/10/seven-questions-johns-hopkins.html

Dangerous medical experiments on Native Americans 

There is a long history of vaccine and medical experiments on Native Americans by other researchers in Arizona and New Mexico that were dangerous, including the injection of radioactive fluid into O'odham at Phoenix Indian Hospital in the 1970s; pulmonary experiments on White Mountain Apache children without parental consent; and a vaccine experiment halted at Gallup Indian Center after patients became sick. 

Trachoma treatments were conducted at boarding schools at Stewart, Intermountain and at Tuba City on the Navajo Nation, without parental consent. The Indian Health Service claimed it was the guardian of Native students in boarding schools. Censored News has documented these.

Indian Health Service hospitals carried out the sterilization of thousands of Native women without informed consent, as documented in 1976. Even after a court order was issued to halt the sterilizations, IHS continued to sterilize Native women as young as 19.

The sterilization of Native American women was not a medical experiment. It was genocide.

Earlier, in 1951, the US Public Health Service began a massive human medical experiment on approximately 4,000 Navajo uranium miners, without their informed consent. Neither the miners nor their families were warned of the risks from nuclear radiation and contamination as USPHS continued their experiment.

Currently, it is unknown how blood and DNA samples of Navajos are being used and stored and who has access to these. Previously, the Havasupai Nation in Arizona had to go to court to halt the abuse of their blood samples by researchers at Arizona State University.

Johns Hopkins is currently using IHS hospitals on the Navajo Nation to carry out the Pfizer and BioNTech vaccine trial and a convalescent plasma trial, which transfuses the blood plasma of a person who has coronavirus into a virus patient.

Johns Hopkins Response to Censored News

For the past 40 years, Johns Hopkins Center for American Indian Health has worked in partnership with the Navajo Nation, White Mountain Apache Tribe, Indian Health Service and Tribal Health Organizations on studies aimed at reducing disease and improving the health and well-being of Native people. Past studies include three successful Phase 3 clinical trials of vaccines that are now used as part of routine immunizations that Native American children, as well as children across the US and the world receive as part of routine care: the Hib vaccine (against a leading cause of meningitis), the Prevnar vaccine (against a leading cause of pneumonia) and the rotavirus vaccine (against a leading cause of infectious diarrhea that can have severe effects in infants). All studies have been done by Native American and allied research personnel who are trained in the conduct of clinical trials, with the guidance of the communities and oversight of the Tribal IRBs.

Currently, the Johns Hopkins Center for American Indian Health is evaluating whether an investigational vaccine, created by Pfizer/BioNTech, is effective in preventing COVID-19 disease. There are no licensed vaccines against the virus that causes COVID-19 and finding safe and effective vaccines is critical to protecting families and ending the pandemic. The vaccine cannot give a person COVID-19 disease and there is no quarantine period required for those who enroll. Following consultation with health care providers, elders, and other community leaders, this study was submitted to the Navajo Nation Human Research Review Board (NNHRRB). The NNHRRB reviewed and approved this study, as did the Johns Hopkins Institutional Review Board. All individuals who seek to participate in the study receive extensive information on the trial through the informed consent process, and their participation is completely voluntary.

Additional details about study procedures and other details related to your questions are available on our website: https://caih.jhu.edu/news/pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-clinical-trial

Johns Hopkins Center for American Indian Health for Censored News

10-22-2020

Johns Hopkins on the Navajo Nation

The Johns Hopkins Center for American Indian Health website shows it is involved in COVID-19 surveillance and contact tracing. 

Johns Hopkins is also carrying out:

  • Convalescent plasma study: This is a medical remedy that has been used for centuries and that could provide a critical stop-gap option for COVID-19 while we’re waiting for effective vaccines. 
  • Seroprevalence study: Serological data can provided critical evidence to guide policy and preparedness 

Johns Hopkins said this study is being carried out using Navajos with funding from the Department of Defense:

Johns Hopkins researchers have received $35 million in funding from the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (JPEO-CBRND), on behalf of the Defense Health Agency, for two nationwide clinical trials to test the effectiveness of a convalescent blood plasma outpatient treatment. The treatment is a transfusion of a blood product from COVID-19 survivors that contains antibodies that may help the patient’s immune system fight the virus.

 Photo: The US Calvary at Fort Defiance after the tragedy of the Longest Walk in 1968. It was the site of the first Navajo Indian Agency and Hospital.

The Navajo Nation Human Research Review Board

The Navajo Nation Human Research Review Board, for medical experiments on Navajos, was created in 1996 after a drug company attempted to profiteer from the deadly hantavirus on the Navajo Nation. Navajo Councilwoman Genevieve Jackson halted the attempt for the Navajo Nation Council to purchase and stockpile the drug Tamiflu.



Uranium Radiation Experiment

The U.S. Public Health Service carried out radiation experiments on Navajos in 1951 without telling Navajo uranium miners, or their families.

The U S. knew the radiation would kill them, but sent Navajo miners to their deaths without protective gear.

Laguna and Acoma Pueblo miners were sent to their deaths in the same way at the Jackpile mine in New Mexico.

Deaths from cancer and respiratory disease are the legacy of U.S. uranium mining in Navajo and Pueblo communities. The radioactive dust fell on the plants, and was ingested by families eating sheep, deer, vegetables and plants. 

Copyright Brenda Norrell, Censored News. No portion may be used without permission.

About the author

Brenda Norrell has been a reporter in Indian country for 38 years, beginning as a reporter for Navajo Times during the 18 years that she lived on the Navajo Nation. After serving as a longtime reporter for Indian Country Today newspaper covering the Southwest, she was censored and terminated. She created Censored News in 2006. She has a master's degree in international health, focused on water, nutrition and infectious diseases.

September 17, 2018

'Hweeldi, 1864 -- 1868, The Navajo's Long Walk' by Christine Prat




HWÉELDI, 1864-68, THE NAVAJO's LONG WALK AND DEPORTATION

By Christine Prat
Original in French at:
Censored News

In the second half of the 19th century, the conquest of 'The West' intensified. In 1846, the United States attacked the recently independent Mexico and acquired a huge portion of territory through the Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty of 1848. For a long time, settlers mainly wanted to acquire agricultural lands and were not interested in the rocky desert lands of the Southwest. However, in the second half of the 19th century, people started looking for gold and other resources.
In the 1860's, the American Army had military posts in the Southwest, on the ground that Navajos and Apaches often raided the area. In the region corresponding to present day Arizona and New-Mexico, settlers captured Native women and children as slaves, rather than buy African slaves from traders. Native warriors tried to free the captives and raided the area. However, in the 1860's a rumor spread among white people that there would be gold in the Navajo Territory. One who is said to have believed in the rumor was Colonel Kit Carson. He managed to convince General Carleton that it was necessary to get rid of the Navajos.
The Army attacked the Navajo Territory, while Fort Sumner – named after General Edwin Vose Sumner - was being built, on a site called Bosque Redondo by the Spanish. In the winter 1863-1864, Carson's Army killed, destroyed crops, and rounded up all the Navajos they could. In the Canyon de Chelly, where people hid in caves, the Army destroyed everything that grew, like the peach trees Navajos were so proud of. Some warriors managed to hide in the many caves and canyons of the region. But the thousands of Navajos taken prisoners were forcibly marched for some 400 miles, in the winter, to Bosque Redondo. Many died underway. Especially children and old people died of hunger and exhaustion or drowned while crossing rivers.
At the site where they were to be detained – called 'reservation' but in fact the first concentration camp, with extermination intentions – they were supposed to care for their own needs. They were supposed to plant crops. However, the place was particularly unhospitable, wood was scarce, and the water of the River Pecos was alkaline, thus not suitable to drink, making them sick, and not suitable for irrigation either. A few hundred Mescalero Apaches were also detained in the camp.
Although the soldiers in the Fort were supposed to guard the camp, and certainly to prevent the prisoners to run away, they hardly interfered when Comanches, then enemies of the Navajos and the Apaches, attacked them.
After a few years of bad crops, in which the Army had to provide minimal food rations to the prisoners, which still cost money to the Army, it was decided that it would be cheaper to let the survivors go back home, to a reservation drawn as a rectangle on a map, in the Treaty of June 1st 1868. The survivors were probably 'lucky' that their ordeal mainly took place during the Civil War. It made the Army's budget even tighter, and many militaries of the region had gone over to the Confederates.
The survivors just went back home, where they came from, as they had not learned to recognize an arbitrarily drawn rectangle in the landscape. Since then, the Navajo Reservation has been enlarged several times, but they are not yet back to their whole territory between the Four Mountains.
The story of Hwééldi has been told through the generations. In 2009, Camille Manybeads Tso has been telling the story of her great-grandmother, who managed to hide with her baby and escape the Long Walk, in a movie, "In The Footsteps of Yellow Woman", which has been shown in France, during the Festival AlterNatif in Nantes. In Klee Benally's movie "Power Lines", first shown in the US in 2015 and in Paris in 2016, allusions to Hwééldi run all along the movie.
The pictures below have all been taken on the site of the camp. It has been declared a New Mexico State Monument in 1968. A memorial housing a museum, designed by Navajo architect David N. Sloan was opened on the site in June 2005. The place being now managed by the New Mexico Historic Sites division of the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs, the story is probably softened and you can be sure that in reality, it was worse. The site is situated close to Billy the Kid's grave, on Billy The Kid road, and in tourist guides and signs on the roads you will find only "Billy the Kid's Grave". Racists will always prefer a white thief than murdered Natives.


Dans la seconde moitié du XIXème siècle, la “conquête de l’Ouest” s’est intensifiée. En 1846, les Etats-Unis avaient attaqué le Mexique, indépendant depuis peu, et acquis une énorme portion de territoire, par le Traité de Guadalupe-Hidalgo de 1848. Avant, les colons voulaient surtout s’emparer de terres agricoles et avaient peu d’intérêt pour les terres rocheuses et désertiques du Sud-ouest. Cependant, dans la seconde moitié du XIXème siècle, les gens commencèrent à chercher de l’or et autres ressources minérales.
Dans les années 1860, l’Armée Américaine avait des postes militaires dans le Sud-ouest, sous prétexte que les Navajos et les Apaches faisaient des razzias dans la zone. Dans la région correspondant aux états actuels d’Arizona et du Nouveau-Mexique, les colons capturaient des femmes et des enfants Autochtones comme esclaves, ce qui revenait moins cher que d’acheter des esclaves Africains. Les guerriers Autochtones essayaient de libérer les captifs et faisaient des razzias dans ce but. Cependant, dans les années 1860, la rumeur s’est répandue parmi les Blancs qu’il devait y avoir de l’or dans le Territoire Navajo. Un de ceux qui crurent en cette rumeur était le Colonel Kit Carson. Il réussit à persuader son supérieur, le Général Carleton, qu’il était nécessaire de se débarrasser des Navajos.
L’Armée dirigée par Kit Carson attaqua le Territoire Navajo, tandis que Fort Sumner – nommé en mémoire du Général Edwin Vose Sumner – était construit, sur un site appelé Bosque Redondo par les Espagnols. Au cours de l’hiver 1863-64, l’armée de Carson tua des Navajos, détruisit les récoltes, et captura tous les Navajos qui n’avaient pu leur échapper. Dans le Canyon de Chelly, où les gens se cachaient dans des grottes, l’Armée détruisit tout ce qui pouvait pousser, entre autres les pêchers dont les Navajos étaient si fiers. Certains guerriers réussirent à se cacher dans les nombreuses grottes et canyons de la région. Mais des milliers de Navajos furent faits prisonniers et forcés de marcher sur environs 650 km, en hiver, jusqu’à Bosque Redondo. Beaucoup moururent en route. En particulier les enfants et les personnes âgées, moururent de faim et d’épuisement, ou se noyèrent en devant traverser des rivières.
Sur le lieu où ils devaient être détenus – appelé ‘réserve’, mais en réalité le premier camp de concentration de l’histoire moderne, avec intention d’extermination – ils devaient produire pour assurer leur survie. Ils devaient planter des céréales et autres produits alimentaires. Cependant, l’endroit était particulièrement inhospitalier, ils manquaient de bois, et l’eau de la rivière Pecos était alcaline, non-potable, la boire les rendait malades, et ne convenait même pas à l’irrigation. Quelques centaines d’Apaches Mescalero furent également détenus dans le camp.
Bien que les soldats du fort soient supposés surveiller le camp, et bien entendu, empêcher les prisonniers de s’évader, ils fermaient les yeux quand des Comanches – alors ennemis des Navajos et des Apaches, et au besoin collaborateurs – les attaquaient.
Après plusieurs années de mauvaises récoltes, durant lesquelles l’Armée devait fournir aux prisonniers des rations minimales, ce qui coûtait tout de même de l’argent, il fut décidé que ça coûterait moins cher de laisser les survivants rentrer ‘chez eux’, dans une réserve dessinée par un rectangle sur une carte, dans le cadre du Traité du 1er juin 1868. Les survivants ont probablement dû leur salut au fait que leur enfer ait eu lieu pendant la Guerre de Sécession. Ça réduisait énormément le budget de l’armée pour d’autres actions, et beaucoup de militaires de la région avaient choisi le camp des Confédérés, “les Sudistes”.
Les survivants rentrèrent chez eux, c’est-à-dire d’où ils venaient, n’ayant pas appris à reconnaître un rectangle abstrait dans le paysage. Depuis, la Réserve Navajo a été agrandie à plusieurs reprises, mais ils n’ont toujours pas récupéré leur Territoire ancestral, entre les Quatre Montagnes.
L’histoire de Hwééldi a été racontée de génération en génération. En 2009, Camille Manybeads Tso a raconté dans un film, “In the Footsteps of Yellow Woman”, l’histoire de son arrière arrière-grand-mère, qui avait réussi à se cacher avec son bébé et à échapper à la Longue Marche. Le film est passé en France, dans le cadre du festival Alter’Natif, à Nantes. Le film de Klee Benally, “Power Lines” – sorti aux Etats-Unis en 2015 et à Paris en 2016 – est d’un bout à l’autre parsemé d’allusions à Hwééldi, évènement crucial dans l’histoire de tous les Navajos.
Les photos ont toutes été prises sur le site du camp. Il a été déclaré Monument de l’état du Nouveau-Mexique en 1968. Un mémorial, qui héberge un musée, a été conçu par l’architecte Navajo David N. Sloan. Il a été ouvert le 4 juin 2005. Le site est actuellement géré par le Service des Sites Historiques du Nouveau-Mexique, qui dépend du Service des Affaires Culturelles du Nouveau-Mexique. Donc, les histoires ont probablement été quelque peu ‘adoucies’, croyez bien qu’en réalité, ça a été pire. Le site est proche de la tombe de Billy The Kid, et se trouve sur la Route Billy The Kid. Dans les guides touristiques et sur les panneaux indicateurs, vous ne trouverez que “Tombe de Billy The Kid” comme indication. Les racistes préfèreront toujours un voleur blanc à des Autochtones assassinés.
Christine Prat








October 9, 2013

Apaches pay tribute to memorial gathering on Dzil Nchaa Si An


Apaches pay tribute to memorial gathering on Dzil Nchaa Si An


Article and Photos by Sandra Rambler

Censored News


Dzil Nchaa Si An, AZ – While the pine and ponderosa trees stood tall and firm with a cool breeze in the air, on Saturday, Sept. 28, tribal elders were joined by Peridot District Councilman, Wendsler Nosie, Sr., and prestigious leaders from various organizations as they gathered to pay tribute on top of Dzil Nchaa Si An, also known as Mount Graham, to honor San Carlos Apache tribal member, the late Phillip Cassadore and his sister and tribal member, Ola Cassadore Davis, the late Michael Davis, the late Keith Basso and the late Peter Warshall, all whom actively fought to prevent destruction and desecration of sacred sites on Dzil Nchaa Si An.
The memorial tribute began with an opening prayer by spiritual leader, Gladys Hinton accompanied by Audrey Johnson and immediately following the luncheon, all those present gathered in a large circle.  The tribal elders stood in the center of the circle.  Songs were sung by spiritual leaders and tribal elders, Arthur Longstreet, Wheeler Grimes, Sr., Adam Rope and Belmont Jordan.  Guests and friends from Europe, Germany, England and Italy and from the United States were present.
“We are gathered here today to pay our respects to those who stood before us and helped paved the way to protect our sacred sites and for restoring our spirituality to what it is today,” pointed out Councilman Nosie.
“A lot of time, dedication, commitment and prayers were extended by our late spiritual leaders, the late Phillip Cassadore and Ola Cassadore Davis and her husband, Mike Davis and those that helped along the way, the late Keith Basso and the late Peter Warshall.”
“Ola had talked to us many times and stressed the importance of preserving our Apache culture and to always extend our prayers here on Dzil Nchaa Si An.  Recently, this year, we had a sunrise ceremony for our granddaughter and it was so special because we can exercise our right to freely practice our Apache religion here.  We have our annual sacred runs each year which ends here on top of our mountain and we are teaching our Apache youth about what we were taught.”
“The fight to save our sacred sites doesn’t end here, it continues and now we are fighting to save Chi’Chil’Bagoteel which is also known as Oak Flat.  We are fighting H.R. 687 in Washington, D.C. because Resolution Copper is trying to build a mine there which would destroy a sacred site, destroy the acorn that our people gather and may infringe upon our water which belongs to our Apache people.”
“On behalf of the San Carlos Apache Tribal Council, I would like to present a plaque to the families of the late Ola Cassadore Davis and her husband, Michael Davis, Phillip Cassadore and Keith Basso which reads, ‘Ahi’yihe for your courageous and unselfish contribution for decades in the fight for preservation of sacred sites at Dzil Nchaa Si An (Mount Graham), presented September 28, 2013, from Terry Rambler, Tribal Chairman, Dr. John Bush, Vice-Chairman, Wendsler Nosie, Sr., Peridot District Councilman, Fred Ferriera, Peridot District Councilman, Tao Etpison, Gilson Wash District Councilman, Simon Hooke, Gilson Wash District Councilman, Bernadette Goode, Seven Mile Wash District Councilwoman, Mitchell Hoffman, Seven Mile Wash District Councilman, Alicia Cadmus, Bylas District Councilwoman, Hugh Moses, Jr., Bylas District Councilman, Jonathan Kitcheyan, Bylas District Councilman.’
“It’s indeed an honor to be here today to be part of this and say thank you for all the hard work that was done on behalf of Dzil Nchaa Si An,” concluded Councilman Nosie.
Dwight Metzger, an activist from Tucson, Arizona and active participant with the Apache Survival Coalition and close friend to the late Ola Cassadore Davis, read a letter sent from the Italian supporters, “Dear Friends—How hard it is not to be there with you today on our dear mountain to remember very dear people.  Even harder it was not to see our friends for one last time before they left us.  Hardest not to be at their funerals to pay our respects.
We wish to send Edison Cassadore our love and wish to see him again.  Peter Warshall was our biological point of reference, the squirrel man and not least, for us Italians, he was part of the first Apache delegation to our country in 1991.  Ola and Mike Davis and Franklin Stanley wee on that first of so many Apache delegations to Italy.  
Ola and Mike Davis continued to come, even twice a year, very often accompanied by Dwight Metzger, just as Wendsler Nosie, Sr., Raleigh Thompson and Edison Cassadore and others from White River while meeting with so many Presidents of the Republic or of the Parliament of the Regions and countless other politicians and public officials.
Every time they spoke in public they filled any place they were given.  When they marched in Florence, Italy, they had thousands behind them.  When they came to the Alps, to Valcamonica, they said that Giovanni was an idiot for having left such beautiful mountains from Arizona.  They also addressed a full church and had a huge lunch with the old anti-fascist partisan of World War II.
Today, the group Amici della Natura, who hosed many Apache delegations in the mountain village of Saviore dell’Adamello, are still holding the Italian Sacred Run on the same weekend it is held on Mount Graham.  They are now at their 14th Sacred Run.
Ola and Mike Davis addressed the European Parliament in Strasbourg and went to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland and to Germany and to other parts of Europe.  These Apache raids went on unabated for a good ten years and the media always reported these incursions.  The Apache myth had become flesh and these two fearless oldies were held back by no one and struck the attention of everyone.  The powers that be whom Ola and Mike Davis, along with us all, took on, were too great to beat.  History repeated itself as with what happened in the 1800’s.  Like Geronimo, Ola and Mike Davis, put up a hard fight until the end and history will show no sympathy for the white eyes.
The astronomers will be remembered for the virulence with which they forced their self-interest on others.  Ola and Mike Davis will go down for having stood up for a sacred mountain and a people’s culture.  There is no doubt who retained their dignity in this struggle.  
We, Italians, failed to stop our government and our Church from this desecration and we learned how racist our scientists and Pope really are.  However, as the Apaches jumped the pond and made us their brothers in arms, they lent us Apache eyes and changed our way of looking at nature and the spirit world.
We can still hear the voices of Ola and Mike Davis.  We can still see their trailer in Peridot, Arizona.  We can still feel all the Apache ceremonies held with them on the mountain, on the reservation and in Italy.  We can still laugh at their Apache jokes and teasing.
Ola and Mike Davis, we thank you.  Peter Warshall, we thank you.  Phillip Cassadore, we thank you.  
Your Italian friends forever, Giovanni Panza and Patrizia Codenotti, Emilio and Tina Molinari, for Coordinamento per Mount Graham, Corrado Baccolini, for Amici della Natura Saviore dell’Adamello, Italo Bigioli, for Cerchio, Theresa Bortone, Vittorio delle Fratte, Massimiliano Galanti, for Kiwani, Toni Ventre, Luisa Costalbano for Nativi Americani, Allessando Profeti and Bianca Frassi.”
In August of 1985, at 53 years old, the late Phillip Cassadore passed away.  He announced his run for the U.S. President in 1972 and campaigned on the Geronimo Ticket calling attention to the economic problems faced by American Indians. He later withdrew.  His fight to protect sacred sites began early in his life.
Ola Cassadore Davis passed away at 89 years old in November, 2012.  Just several months later, her husband, Michael Davis passed away in early 2013.  They fought endlessly to save Dzil Nchaa Si An from destruction. They formed the Apache Survival Coalition.
In April, 2013, Peter Warshall passed away.  He was an ecologist, activist and essayist and conducted numerous studies regarding Mount Graham and devoted his life to saving the world.  He worked with the San Carlos Apaches and the Tohono O’odham Nation.
In August, 2013, Keith Basso passed away.  He was described as a major figure in American Anthropology and American Indian Studies and at one time lived in Cibecue on the White Mountain Apache Indian Reservation.  He worked with the NAGPRA groups from the San Carlos Apache Tribe, White Mountain Apache Tribe, Tonto Apache Tribe and the Yavapai Apache Nation.  He wrote numerous books and was an Apache linguist as he spoke Apache fluently.
Audrey Johnson, tribal elder, tearfully said, “Ola was a dear friend to us and spoke up for us to help protect our sacred sites.  That is what we are taught, as Apaches, is to always stand up for what our Creator gave to us.  I will always thank her and her family for their dedication.”
Tribal Chairman, Terry Rambler, added, “The wise words of our elders should always be respected.  We will remember those who fought to protect the beliefs of the San Carlos Apaches and thank you to the families of the late Ola and Mike Davis, Phillip Cassadore, Keith Basso, Peter Warshall and Ernest Victor, Jr. for their staunch efforts in protecting Dzila Nchaa Si An.”
At the close of the memorial tribute, the tribal elders whispered among themselves in their native San Carlos Apache language, “Did you hear the drum?  Did you hear the bells of the Apache Mountain Spirit Dancers?”
And there was complete silence.